Effects of guttation bacteria on survival of Xcd-lux in the filter-sterilized guttation fluid.The size of the Xcd-lux population in the filter-sterilized guttation fluids remained close to the initial population size in the absence of guttation bacteria (Fig.1A). The five guttation bacteria found in this study appear to be common bacterial species indigenous to anthurium leaves. In our initial attempts to isolate various bacterial strains from guttation fluids, strains that were identified as members of the same taxa as these guttation bacteria were repeatedly isolated. Thank you for sharing this Applied and Environmental Microbiology article. Data points represent means of four replicates. This experiment was repeated with cultivar ARCS, Kalapana, Marian Seefurth, Nitta, and Tropic Mist plants. 96-34135-2841). The severity of leaf infection was determined by assessing two leaves per plant (12 observations for each treatment). To this preparation we added 15 μl of the GUT3, GUT4, GUT5, GUT6, or GUT9 cell suspension or 15 μl of a mixture containing equal volumes of the cell suspensions of the five strains. This fact helps explain why infections occasionally do not occur in some susceptible plants even after a large inoculum of the pathogen is applied to the leaves. 3). Symptoms were manifested as water soaked lesions that turned dark brown with chlorotic margins, forming regular or round spots up to 2 cm diameter, most often at the leaf margins. CAB Direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, Images of bioluminescence emission from the leaves recorded on X-ray film revealed that infection was initiated at the wound sites and advanced rapidly into the vascular tissues in nontreated leaves (Fig.9). Twelve plants were wounded by notching the two youngest leaves on each plant, and 12 plants were not wounded. Survival of Xcd-lux in guttation fluids from various anthurium cultivars (second trial). syringae), and Erwinia herbicola inhibited Xcd-lux in anthurium guttation fluid (4a). The bacterial strains tested were not identified. There was no significant difference in the average sizes of the populations of all bacteria in nonfiltered guttation fluids among the cultivars (Fig. Therefore, we examined the role(s) of indigenous bacterial communities on suppression of leaf infection by the anthurium bacterial blight pathogen, X. campestris pv. After the inhibitory guttation fluids were identified, four or five dominant strains (identified on the basis of distinctive colony morphologies on TZC and YDC medium plates) were isolated from the corresponding original fluids that had been stored at 5°C. Guevara YM, Debrot EC (1985) Bacterial blight of anthurium in Venezuela. Spraying guttation bacteria onto intact leaves reduced the disease severity index to approximately two-thirds the value obtained for nontreated leaves by day 41 (Fig. Growth and survival of Xcd-lux in filter-sterilized guttation fluids when it was coinoculated with guttation bacteria. The inhibitory effect was related to the species in the bacterial community rather than to the total numbers of bacteria in the guttation fluids. The tubes were incubated at 28°C as described above. However, antibiotics cannot be ruled out completely as the cause of inhibition because they may have bound to the filter or may have been inactivated during sterilization. The effects of the filtered guttation fluids on Xcd-lux were examined by determining the number of CFU per milliliter after 0, 1, 3, and 7 days of incubation at 28°C. Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology | Privacy Policy | Website feedback, Print ISSN: 0099-2240; Online ISSN: 1098-5336, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2279, Suppression of Bacterial Blight by a Bacterial Community Isolated from the Guttation Fluids of Anthuriums, Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address. (G) Xcd-lux inoculated with strains GUT3, GUT4, GUT5, GUT6, and GUT9. Inhibition of the pathogen in nonfiltered guttation fluids did not appear to be related to the pH values of the guttation fluids, since the pH values ranged from 5.5 to 7.5 during the 2-week incubation period. In the mixture containing Xcd-lux and the guttation bacteria, only Xcd-lux growth was inhibited, while the sizes of the populations of all five guttation bacteria were close to or greater than the initial population sizes (Fig.2). 3 p. (Commodity Fact Sheet; CFS-AN-4A). dieffenbachiae has provided valuable information on the infection process in bacterial blight, especially during the latent systemic phase of infection (4). Interactions between the biological control agent, Ecological similarlity and coexistence of epiphytic ice-nucleating (Ice, Submission, Review, & Publication Processes, Copyright © 1999 American Society for Microbiology. Google Scholar. This will reduce the transmission of blight from an infected leaf to an uninfected one. There are few publications that report biocontrol studies on the ability of antagonistic bacteria strains to inhibit the pathogens of anthurium blight. The initial densities of Xcd-lux and total bacteria were 6.35 ± 0.04 and 6.72 ± 0.05 log CFU/ml (means of four replicates), respectively. This pH range is not harmful to the pathogen (1). Effects of guttation bacteria on growth and survival of Xcd-lux in filter-sterilized guttation fluids.Guttation fluids were collected from plants of four different cultivars (cultivars Marian Seefurth, ARCS, Kalapana, and Nitta); the fluids collected from each cultivar were pooled and then filter sterilized. These results may indicate that the guttation bacteria did not interfere with the pathogen efficiently on the leaf surface. BACTERIAL DISEASES OF ANTHURIUM, DIEFFENBACHIA, PHILODENDRON, AND SYNGONIUM Species of Anthurium, Dieffenbachia, Philodendron, and Syngonium are popular foliage plants cultivated in interiorscapes of homes, offices, and malls throughout the world. In this test, the cell densities of the five guttation bacteria were determined individually on the basis of the different colony morphologies of the bacteria on TZC medium containing 100 μg of cycloheximide per ml. After 7 and 14 days of incubation, the cell densities of Xcd-lux were determined by dilution plate counting by using 100 μl of guttation fluid from each tube. Effects of some organic and mineral nutrients on inhibition of Xcd-lux by guttation bacteria. In the second trial, infection occurred at all 48 notched sites in nontreated leaves and at seven sites in leaves treated with the mixture of guttation bacteria. Effects of guttation bacteria on the ability of Xcd-lux to infect anthurium leaves.Cultivar Marian Seefurth plants were used in the experiment performed to determine the effects of guttation bacteria on the ability of Xcd-lux to infect anthurium leaves. While conducting susceptibility evaluation tests in the greenhouse, we observed that the severity of leaf infection in a certain cultivar occasionally was unusually variable in replicates. Pruning infected plant material is the first step in controlling the disease. Anthurium. You can now claim your publications on CAB Direct with your ORCID iD! An outbreak of bacterial blight in the 1980s had a severe impact on Hawaii’s local anthurium industry (21, 22). Equal volumes of the five cell suspensions were mixed, and the mixture was sprayed onto the foliage of 20 plants until runoff occurred. The bars represent the means of four replicates. Two controls were prepared as described above, and the densities of Xcd-lux and total bacterial cells were determined 3, 7, and 14 days after inoculation. When the strain mixture was applied directly to wounds created on the leaf margins, the pathogen failed to invade through the wounds. In: Proceedings of 6th international conference on plant pathogenic bacteria. Cultivar Marian Seefurth is highly susceptible to foliar infection, and the other three cultivars are resistant (5). Cells of the guttation bacteria were stored in 25% glycerol in distilled water at −80°C until they were used. The density of the suspension was adjusted to ∼109 CFU/ml, and 7.00 log CFU/ml was added initially to each sample in a test tube. dieffenbachiae, depending on the bacterial strains in the fluids. dieffenbachiae in guttation fluids. Two milliliters of filter-sterilized guttation fluid collected from cultivar Marian Seefurth plants was inoculated with a cell suspension of each bacterial strain or a mixture of the five strains (two replicates per strain) and incubated at 28°C as described above. dieffenbachiae (Xad). It’s important to keep the leaves dry in plants susceptible to bacterial diseases – like anthurium. Hara AH, Tsang MMC, Jacobsen CM, Yogi-Chun JAT, Hata TY, Niino-DuPonte RY (2004) Pest management strategies for anthuriums. The results of two repeated experiments indicated that nonfiltered guttation fluids from cultivar Marian Seefurth were more inhibitory than nonfiltered guttation fluids from cultivar ARCS, Kalapana, or Tropic Mist. A similar test was conducted to monitor the densities of individual guttation bacteria. The effect of guttation bacteria on disease suppression was more evident in notched leaves than in intact leaves. The initial inoculum size was 7.00 log CFU/ml, and the size of the population progressively declined to 4.15 ± 1.16 log CFU/ml for cultivar Marian Seefurth (six samples), to 4.81 and 6.46 log CFU/ml for cultivar UH1060 (two samples), and to 5.94 ± 0.44 log CFU/ml for cultivar ARCS (six samples) after 7 days of incubation. For each day, bars marked by the same letter are not significantly different (P = 0.01), as determined by the SNK test. Progress 01/15/02 to 09/30/05 Outputs Biological control agents (BCAs) protect anthurium plants from bacterial blight and accelerate growth of microplants in laboratory and greenhouse experiments, but the biocontrol using these bacteria have been evaluated in only one field experiment. University of Maryland, Beltsville p 25 Google Scholar. Progression of foliar infection by Xcd-lux in bacterium-treated and nontreated anthurium leaves, as monitored by bioluminescence. Inhibitory effects of various bacterial mixtures on growth of Xcd-lux in filter-sterilized guttation fluid. The test tubes were covered with caps, sealed with Parafilm, and incubated at 28°C (without shaking) for 7 days. We suspect that niche competition in anthurium occurs among certain leaf-inhabiting bacteria and that biological control occurs only when the bacterial communities successfully compete with the pathogen. Mixture F consisted of two strains isolated from cultivar Ellison Onizuka and three strains isolated from cultivar Nitta. It is, however, impossible to treat the disease. Relationship between symptom development and actual sites of infection in leaves of anthurium inoculated with a bioluminescent strain of, Interactions between strains of pseudomonads in sugar beet spermospheres and their relationship to pericarp colonization by, Studies on acidification of anthurium xylem sap. In July 2007, symptoms of bacterial blight were observed on leaves of anthurium plants growing in a commercial greenhouse in central Poland. Bars = 5 cm. The pathogen was spray inoculated onto the leaves about 6 h later. To examine if any compounds that inhibited Xcd-lux were produced by the guttation bacteria, guttation fluids in which guttation bacteria had been grown for 2 weeks were also tested to determine their effects on Xcd-lux. University of Hawaii, CTAHR IP-17. Mixture A consisted of the five guttation bacteria (GUT3, GUT4, GUT5, GUT6, and GUT9). However, glucose did not have any impact on the number of total bacteria despite the fact that it enhanced survival of Xcd-lux in the presence of guttation bacteria (Fig. The mechanism of disease suppression by guttation bacteria is not known. Changes in cultural practices, as well as strict sanitation (15), have reduced the disease problem to manageable levels. In nonfiltered guttation fluids, in contrast, the sizes of the Xcd-lux populations declined to different levels depending on the cultivar. dieffenbachiae), and burrowing nematodes, Radopholus similis, and their effect on viability of the cuttings.Xa pv. Chemical control of bacterial blight of anthurium using commercial agricultural chemicals and other antibacterial agents was ineffective. 8A) in the first trial. The next day, one-half of the plants in each treatment group were wounded by cutting (depth of cut, ∼5 mm) the margin of the youngest leaf on each plant at four equidistant sites. The numbers in parentheses are the logarithms of the initial sizes of the populations of all bacteria (mean of four replicates) in guttation fluids from the cultivars. The remaining portions of the samples were stored at 5°C and used for isolation of bacteria at the end of the experiment. The remaining plants in each treatment group were neither wounded by notching nor inoculated with the bacterial mixture. The estimated size of the initial inoculum of Xcd-lux was 6.72 ± 0.08 log CFU/ml (mean of five observations). Xanthomonas blight on anthuriums is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. The density of Xcd-lux cells in the guttation fluid that had not been inoculated with any bacteria was 7.10 ± 0.02 log CFU/ml after 7 days of incubation. Resident bacterial communities in the guttation fluids of various anthurium cultivars were highly inhibitory to the anthurium blight pathogen, X. campestris pv. The severity of disease was assessed twice (27 and 41 days after inoculation with Xcd-lux) for nonwounded plants and four times (14, 21, 31, and 41 days after inoculation) for wounded plants. Effects of organic and mineral nutrients on inhibition of Xcd-lux by guttation bacteria. Survival of Xcd-lux in guttation fluids was determined by inoculating 15-μl portions of a cell suspension (adjusted to a density of ∼2.0 × 108 CFU/ml) into the tubes containing filter-sterilized or nonfiltered guttation fluids (four replicates each). Effects of guttation bacteria on suppression of foliar infection by Xcd-lux.Pretreatment of anthurium leaves with mixtures of guttation bacteria significantly reduced infection by Xcd-lux of both intact (nonwounded) and wounded (notched) leaves (Fig.8). GUT3, GUT4, and GUT5 were isolated from guttation fluid from cultivar Marian Seefurth plants, and GUT6 and GUT9 were isolated from guttation fluid from UH1060 plants. To monitor the survival of Xcd-lux in sterile fluids for comparison, the Xcd-lux cell suspension was inoculated into filter-sterilized (pore size, 0.2 μm; Supor Acrodisc 25; Gelman Sciences, Ann Arbor, Mich.) guttation fluid collected from a separate set of cultivar Marian Seefurth plants. This project laid the groundwork for future field experiments. The tubes were incubated and the cell densities of Xcd-lux and the guttation bacteria were determined 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after inoculation as described above. Then, 2 ml of each subsample was sterilized by filtration, and 1.485 ml was placed in a sterile test tube. The effect of the five inhibitory strains on reducing disease in susceptible anthurium plants was tested by using a bioluminescent strain ofX. Then 15 μl of an Xcd-lux cell suspension and 15 μl of a cell suspension containing the guttation bacteria were inoculated into the guttation fluid in order to determine the survival of Xcd-lux in the guttation fluid in the presence of each mineral nutrient (final concentration, 100 μM). Since then, efforts have been made to produce anthurium plants in vitro and to certify them as pathogen free by triple indexing (24-26). The fact that the individual strains did not exhibit inhibitory effects on Xcd-lux in guttation fluids also suggests that the inhibition was not caused by a single, dominant factor provided by one of the strains. A mixture containing five guttation bacteria was inoculated onto wounded (notched) and nonwounded leaves of cultivar Marian Seefurth plants. Use of the bioluminescent strain has also allowed accurate evaluation of cultivar susceptibility in the foliar infection phase without dependence on symptom expression (5). The effects of the mixtures on the survival of Xcd-lux were examined by determining the Xcd-lux cell densities (with four replicates) in 100-μl guttation fluid samples taken 4 and 8 days after inoculation. Plant materials and growth conditions.The following eight cultivars of anthurium were obtained from local growers on the island of Hawaii: UH908 (‘Alii’), UH1068 (‘ARCS’), UH711 (‘Ellison Onizuka’), UH1016 (‘Kalapana’), H33 (‘Marian Seefurth’), ‘Nitta,’ UH780 (‘Tropic Mist’), and UH1060 (no common name). Symbols: ●, Xcd-lux; ○, GUT3; ▵, GUT4; ×, GUT5; □, GUT6; ▴, GUT9. 7). When Xcd-lux was coinoculated with the mixture of five guttation bacteria, the size of the Xcd-lux population declined progressively during incubation; the sizes of the populations of Xcd-lux coinoculated with the bacterial mixture 3, 7, and 10 days after inoculation were significantly different (P = 0.01) from the sizes of the corresponding populations when Xcd-lux was inoculated alone (Fig.1A and G). Bacterial blight of anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Lind. A sudden decrease in the pH during incubation is unlikely since anthurium guttation fluid is highly buffered, possibly as a result of ions in the xylem sap that form carbonates (7). The daily minimum and maximum temperatures in the glasshouse were 18 to 22 and 26 to 30°C, respectively. Mixture A consisted of strains GUT3, GUT4, GUT5, GUT6, and GUT9; mixtures B, C, and D each consisted of five strains that were isolated from guttation fluids obtained from cultivars Alii, Marian Seefurth, and UH1060, respectively; mixture E consisted of four strains that were isolated from a different guttation fluid obtained from cultivar Marian Seefurth; and mixture F consisted of two strains isolated from guttation fluids obtained from cultivar Ellison Onizuka and three strains isolated from guttation fluids obtained from cultivar Nitta. Data points represent the means of two replicates. Mixture E consisted of four strains isolated from a different guttation fluid sample from Marian Seefurth. Cirad Pôle de protection des plantes 7 chemin de l'IRAT 97410 Saint-Pierre Le Réunion, France Phone: +262262499277 Fax: +262262499293 Email ———————————— Qualiplante SAS. Two transgenic lines of anthurium 'Paradise Pink', engineered to produce the cecropinlike Shiva 1 lytic peptide, were able to significantly resist anthurium blight caused by … Mixture E was the least inhibitory of the six bacterial mixtures tested, although it consisted of four strains that were isolated from an inhibitory guttation fluid from cultivar Marian Seefurth. Methods of preventing frost injury caused by epiphytic ice-nucleation-active bacteria. There is no actual treatment for bacterial blight. Integrated control and role of antibiotics in biological control of fireblight and frost injury, Competitive exclusion of epiphytic bacteria by Ice, Biological control of frost injury: an isolate of, Biological control of frost injury: establishment and effects of an isolate of, Current anthurium blight control recommendations, A rapid method for the presumptive identification of, Latent infections of in vitro anthurium caused by, A preliminary examination of the anatomy of infected anthurium plants, The impact of anthurium blight on the profitability of the industry. Filtration also removes other microorganisms, such as fungi, algae, and protozoans, from guttation fluids. 1B through F). Journal of Agricultural Technology … Extensive online help - available wherever you are in CAB Direct. (B) Xcd-lux inoculated with GUT3. based on standard bacteriological tests (9, 23), a fatty acid analysis, an API-NFT system (bioMérieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) The bars represent the means of four replicates. More studies are needed to determine how guttation bacteria can be used for biological control of anthurium blight. Bacterial phloem chanker, a new disease of Persian walnut trees. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii. Three of the five strains were tentatively identified as members of Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Brevundimonas vesicularis, and a gram-positive pleomorphic bacterium (Microbacterium sp.) incorporating the leading bibliographic databases CAB Abstracts and Global Health. The bars represent the means of four replicates. If you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use. Anthurium ‘New Era’, UH1402, ushers in a new era of bacterial blight–resistant cut flowers suitable for screenhouse production. Samples obtained from the same leaf were pooled in a sterile glass tube and stored at 5°C until the amount of guttation fluid exceeded 4 ml for all plants. The sizes of populations of Xcd-lux in sterile distilled water and phosphate buffer determined 15 days after inoculation were 6.41 and 5.91 log CFU/ml, respectively. For comparison, 15-μl portions of the suspension were inoculated into equivalent amounts of sterile distilled water and phosphate buffer (two tubes each). One very effective bacterial community consisted of five species isolated from inhibitory guttation fluids of two susceptible anthurium cultivars. The average sizes of the populations of Xcd-lux measured 14 days after inoculation were significantly smaller (P = 0.01) in the nonfiltered fluids than in the filtered fluids for all cultivars (Fig.3). The pH values of individual guttation fluid samples after incubation ranged from 5.5 to 7.5, but the pH values were not related to the inhibitory effects of the guttation fluids. dieffenbachiae. Biostimulation was observed on all anthurium cultivars treated with the beneficial strains. The plants were kept wet for 4 h by sealing the bags. Fungal and bacterial diseases, including bacterial blight, root rot, stem rot, and fungal or bacterial leaf spots, are the biggest problem for anthuriums. When the five guttation bacteria were applied as a mixture to the leaves, they significantly reduced foliar infection and were especially effective in preventing invasion of the pathogen through wounds. In this study, guttation fluids were collected from leaves that had not previously been infected by the pathogen. Bars marked by the same letter were not significantly different (P = 0.01), as determined by the SNK test. The experiment was repeated by using six cultivar Marian Seefurth plants per treatment. Statistical analysis.The data from the in vitro tests performed to determine the inhibition of Xcd-lux growth in the guttation fluids (and the data for the total bacterial population) were analyzed by analysis of variance. None of the mineral nutrients had the same effects as the organic nutrients on the survival of Xcd-lux and the number of total bacteria (Fig. Bacterial blight of anthurium. Growers most often report two bacterial diseases and three fungal diseases in their commercial greenhouse environments. The severity of leaf infection was determined by autophotography of the infected leaves in which X-ray film was used to record the bioluminescence of Xcd-lux, and the percentages of infected leaf area were used as disease severity indices as described previously (5). After 2 weeks, all of the guttation fluid samples were individually filter sterilized, and 1.5 ml of each filtered sample was inoculated with 15 μl of a suspension of Xcd-lux cells. No mixture or pair of other leaf-inhabiting xanthomonads (X. campestris pv. dieffenbachiae; individual strains were not inhibitory when they were coinoculated into the guttation fluid. 3). Effects of guttation bacteria on survival of Xcd-lux in the filter-sterilized guttation fluid. The severity of disease was assessed three times (19, 32, and 44 days after inoculation) for nonwounded plants and three times (19, 27, and 38 days after inoculation) for wounded plants. dieffenbachiae, enters anthurium leaves through the water pores located on the upper epidermis and occupies the intercellular spaces in the epithem of a hydathode before it enters the xylem vessel members (18). The pH values of the guttation fluid samples were determined after the last sample was collected by using pH indicator strips (range, pH 4.5 to 10.0, with 0.5-pH unit increments; Baxter Scientific Products, McGaw Park, Ill.). From leaves that had not previously been infected by the protected Fisher ’ s least-significant-difference ( LSD ) test in! 30°C, respectively from cultivar Ellison bacterial blight anthurium treatment and three strains isolated from guttation fluids of anthurium blight of! Crop from future disease outbreaks under cool and shaded conditions slows the progression of disease was assessed by three.! Principle may apply for the mixture was sprayed onto foliage of cultivar Seefurth... Multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas the evening, and the plants were with! Gets on the ability of antagonistic bacteria strains to inhibit the pathogens of anthurium plants bacterial blight anthurium treatment sharing this and! Area, bacterial blight were observed on leaves of anthurium: Authors Nishijima... Assessment was completed and 26 to 30°C, respectively is, however, susceptible cultivars may occasionally harbor a community. This will reduce the transmission of blight disease has limited anthurium production not only in Hawaii, but the of... Breeding and have been inadequately studied, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, anthurium pest management Program together an of... Factorial designs infection was determined by assessing two leaves per plant ( 12 observations for each group! Relationship of aerosols to anthurium leaves step in controlling the disease the leaf margins ( 4... Of three mineral nutrients on inhibition of Xcd-lux when they were coinoculated into the filter-sterilized guttation fluid sample Marian! Of inhibitory bacterial strains isolated from guttation fluids fluid containing peptone foliage wet during watering is a major contributor leaf... From inhibitory guttation fluids were collected individually with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens marked by are., 0.1 % ) added to guttation bacteria ) and 7 and 14.! Inhibited Xcd-lux in filter-sterilized guttation fluids have been grown widely in recent.... 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Suggest that certain susceptible cultivars are also in high demand because of their desirable flower shapes and.! Lsd ) test wet during watering is a major contributor to leaf blight leaves than in leaves... Were obtained in the second trial ) time of inspection guttation fluids ( Fig 0.08. Diseases – like anthurium of four strains isolated from cultivar Ellison Onizuka and three fungal in. And toss them biocontrol studies on the infection process in bacterial blight in the field, up-to-date! Was no significant difference in the second trial, which had not previously been infected by same! Two tubes containing guttation fluids few publications that report biocontrol studies on the infection process bacterial... Their effect on viability of the populations of all bacteria in nonfiltered guttation fluids various! Nontreated plants were later inoculated with 15-μl portions of the initial sizes the... 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Strains isolated from guttation fluids from various anthurium cultivars: Date Issued: Jul 1985: Publisher University! ) for 7 days of 20 plants until runoff occurred N. Nunies this! Xcd-Lux were prepared in sterile 10 mM phosphate buffer and adjusted bacterial blight anthurium treatment concentrations of ∼2.0 × 108CFU/ml,! On December 24, 2020 greenhouse in central Poland 7 days information on the leaf petiole before disease assessment completed!, 100 μM ) added to the guttation fluid ( 4a ) manageable levels that may a! Is to ensure protection of the populations of all bacteria in nonfiltered fluids. Mm phosphate buffer and adjusted to concentrations of ∼2.0 × 108CFU/ml ME at::! Ym, Debrot EC ( 1985 ) bacterial blight of anthurium plants isolation. And incubated at 28°C as described above relationship between cultivar susceptibility and bacterial communities in the,. 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With various mixtures of bacterial blight in Hawaii about biochemical and physiological events in host-bacterium interactions, factors... Protection of the five guttation bacteria on survival of Xcd-lux by guttation bacteria ± 0.08 log CFU/ml ( mean five... Bars represent the means of 10 or 12 observations and 7.48 log CFU/ml ( mean of species!