This ritual, known as niniyogan, is an offering made to the deceased and one's ancestors. It contended that this would have provided the necessary evolutionary pressures, and would account for morphological factors such as a thick husk to protect against ocean degradation and provide a moist medium in which to germinate on sparse atolls. The conditions required for coconut trees to grow without any care are: The main limiting factor for most locations which satisfy the rainfall and temperature requirements is canopy growth, except those locations near coastlines, where the sandy soil and salt spray limit the growth of most other trees. [140] In the story of Sina and the Eel, the origin of the coconut is related as the beautiful woman Sina burying an eel, which eventually became the first coconut. [53] They may grow but not fruit properly in areas with insufficient warmth, such as Bermuda. Mattituck: Amereon House. Coconut milk, not to be confused with coconut water, is obtained by pressing the grated coconut meat, usually with hot water added which extracts the coconut oil, proteins, and aromatic compounds. This pattern coincides with the known trade routes of Austronesian sailors. [138], Some South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Ocean cultures have origin myths in which the coconut plays the main role. Coconuts are commonly grown around the northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of New South Wales. It is a primary source of food, drink, and shelter. nuciferae. [50] However, there is some evidence that it may be polygamomonoecious, and may occasionally have bisexual flowers. The white, fleshy part of the seed, the coconut meat, is used fresh or dried in cooking, especially in confections and desserts such as macaroons and buko pie. Coconut milk powder, a protein-rich powder can be processed from coconut milk following centrifugation, separation, and spray drying. In 2007, the Philippines imposed a quarantine in Metro Manila and 26 provinces to stop the spread of the pest and protect the Philippine coconut industry managed by some 3.5 million farmers.[70]. [68], The coconut palm is damaged by the larvae of many Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species which feed on it, including the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta) and Batrachedra spp. Hearts of palm are eaten in salads, sometimes called "millionaire's salad". Australian cities put much effort into de-fruiting decorative coconut trees to ensure that the mature coconuts do not fall and injure people. The gross production was 15 million tonnes. The various parts of the coconut have a number of culinary uses. [136], The coconut is also used as a target and prize in the traditional British fairground game coconut shy. ", https://source.wustl.edu/2011/06/deep-history-of-coconuts-decoded, "Germination rate is the significant characteristic determining coconut palm diversity". It provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, among many other uses. The young coconut plants need to be nursed and irrigated with drip pipes until they are old enough (stem bulb development) to be irrigated with brackish water or seawater alone, after which they can be replanted on the beaches. This naturalized Polynesian canoe plant is originally native to Malesia and Australasia. The name comes from the old Portuguese and Spanish word coco, meaning ‘head’ or ‘skull’ after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. [35][37][38] Conran et al. The first coconuts were of the niu kafa type, with thick husks to protect the seed, an angular, highly ridged shape to promote buoyancy during ocean dispersal, and a pointed base that allowed fruits to dig into the sand, preventing them from being washed away during germination on a new island. [82] Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast (Tripura and Assam) account for the remaining productions. Palm wine is distilled to produce arrack. [40], Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 m (100 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m (13–20 ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. The UAE has, however, imposed strict laws on mature coconut tree imports from other countries to reduce the spread of pests to other native palm trees, as the mixing of date and coconut trees poses a risk of cross-species palm pests, such as rhinoceros beetles and red palm weevils. In the Philippines, dried half shells are also used as a music instrument in a folk dance called maglalatik. [25][22][32] During the colonial era, Pacific coconuts were further introduced to Mexico from the Spanish East Indies via the Manila galleons. It is most strikingly displayed in Madagascar, an island settled by Austronesian sailors at around 2000 to 1500 BP. It noted that by using these small atolls, the species could easily island-hop. Unlike the UAE, which grows mostly non-native dwarf or hybrid coconut cultivars imported from Florida for ornamental purposes, the slender, tall Omani coconut cultivars are relatively well-adapted to the Middle East's hot dry seasons, but need longer to reach maturity. [67] Yellowing diseases affect plantations in Africa, India, Mexico, the Caribbean and the Pacific Region. Dried coconut is also used as the filling for many chocolate bars. It is one of the most useful trees in the world and is often referred to as the "tree of life". [87] The artificial landscaping may have been the cause for lethal yellowing, a viral coconut palm disease that leads to the death of the tree. TRAMIL Research 31. ; Batugal, P.; Bonnot, F. (2008). [122], Researchers from the Melbourne Museum in Australia observed the octopus species Amphioctopus marginatus use tools, specifically coconut shells, for defense and shelter. Apical buds of adult plants are edible, and are known as "palm cabbage" or heart of palm. [citation needed] They are also used in Hindu weddings as a symbol of prosperity. For example, the Polynesian and Melanesian term niu; Tagalog and Chamorro term niyog; and the Malay word nyiur or nyior. In Thailand, the coconut husk is used as a potting medium to produce healthy forest tree saplings. The fruit however was compacted in the fossilization process and it was not possible to determine if it had the diagnostic three pores that characterize members of the tribe Cocoseae. The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus Cocos. [105], The sap derived from incising the flower clusters of the coconut is drunk as neera, also known as toddy or tubâ (Philippines), tuak (Indonesia and Malaysia) or karewe (fresh and not fermented, collected twice a day, for breakfast and dinner) in Kiribati. [96][97] It can also be diluted into a beverage. As mentioned above, it is derived from the old Portuguese and Spanish word coco, which means ‘head’ or ‘skull’. Cocos nucifera L. Preferred Common Name. [69], Brontispa longissima (coconut leaf beetle) feeds on young leaves, and damages both seedlings and mature coconut palms. Coconut water can be fermented to produce coconut vinegar. [113], The leftover fiber from coconut oil and coconut milk production, coconut meal, is used as livestock feed. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. Last updated: 29 Nov 202029 Nov 2020 Synthesis Of Nanoparticles From Coconut Flower (Cocos Nucifera) / Nisha Raj , DR. K. Arulmozhi / International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, Vol 2, Issue 10 (2015): pp 193-195 (73) SAFETY OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF COCOS NUCIFERA ROOT EXTRACT. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Previous studies had assumed that the palm had either evolved in South America or Asia, and then dispersed from there. Narali Purnima is celebrated on a full moon day which usually signifies the end of monsoon season in India. : High Typical Height: 50'- 80' OA. The coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of salinity. Copra is the dried meat of the seed and after processing produces coconut oil and coconut meal. 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[139] In Maldivian folklore, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut tree. Harries' adoption of the Polynesian terms niu kafa and niu vai has now passed into general scientific discourse, and his hypothesis is generally accepted. Mature, ripe coconuts can be used as edible seeds, or processed for oil and plant milk from the flesh, charcoal from the hard shell, and coir from the fibrous husk. [45], Many different varieties are grown, including the Maypan coconut, King coconut, and Macapuno. [72], Coconut has a number of commercial and traditional cultivars. In 1987, a "coconut law" was signed by Governor Edwin Edwards exempting from insurance liability any decorated coconut "handed" from a Zulu float. [112] It is used in horticulture in potting compost, especially in orchid mix. Santos, G.A., Batugal, P.A., Othman, A., Baudouin, L., and Labouisse J.P. 1996. [25][20][26][22] The similarities of the local names in the Austronesian region is also cited as evidence that the plant originated in the region. [citation needed], In some parts of the world (Thailand and Malaysia), trained pig-tailed macaques are used to harvest coconuts. Plants are intolerant of cold weather and prefer copious precipitation, as well as full sunlight. However, it is not native and display a genetic bottleneck resulting from a founder effect. ©2004-2020 Universal Taxonomic Services. A young, well-maintained tree can produce around 300 litres (66 imp gal; 79 US gal) of toddy per year, while a 40-year-old tree may yield around 400 litres (88 imp gal; 110 US gal). Cocos nucifera L. The plant provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building materials, which are among its many uses. [12] The earliest direct description is given by Cosmas Indicopleustes in his Topographia Christiana written around 545, referred to as "the great nut of India". Rigby (1995) assigned them to modern Cocos nucifera based on its size. Fresh shredded or flaked coconut is also used as a garnish various dishes, as in klepon and puto bumbóng. [121] The smell of coconuts comes from the 6-pentyloxan-2-one molecule, known as δ-decalactone in the food and fragrance industries. ", "Caribbean Plate: A Recipe For Coconut Chips From Jamaica", "The Alcohol Industry of the Philippine Islands Part II: Distilled Liquors; their Consumption and Manufacture", "Hans van Amsterdam: Coconut Cup with Cover (17.190.622ab) – Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History – The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "Remembering PT-109: A carved walking stick evokes ship commander John F. Kennedy's dramatic rescue at sea", "MO63.4852 Coconut shell paperweight with PT109 rescue message", "The chemical composition and biological properties of coconut (, "Data sheet about delta-decalactone and its properties", "Aussie scientists find coconut-carrying octopus", "A tool-wielding octopus? The main purpose of having a scientific name is to have a same name accepted and used worldwide. and Koop Wind (Eds.). Scientific name, [50] The root system consists of an abundance of thin roots that grow outward from the plant near the surface. Other types of large trees produce a single downward-growing tap root with a number of feeder roots growing from it. [92][93] The milk can be used to produce virgin coconut oil by controlled heating and removal of the oil fraction. Dwarf varieties are also available. In the Hainuwele myth from Maluku, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut tree. (1995). [120], The roots are used as a dye, a mouthwash, and a folk medicine for diarrhea and dysentery. Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37 °C (82 and 99 °F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 4–12 °C (39–54 °F); they will survive brief drops to 0 °C (32 °F). Human cultivation of the coconut selected, not for larger size, but for thinner husks and increased volume of endosperm, the solid "meat" or liquid "water" that provides the fruit its food value. [1] The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut")[2] can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. ", "Indian state decides coconut trees are no longer trees but palms", "Coconut tree loses tree status in Goa – Times of India", "Medieval Sourcebook: Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325–1354", "Australia has a lot of coconut palms — so why don't we have a coconut industry? The green of the leaves (lamina) is stripped away, leaving the veins (long, thin, woodlike strips) which are tied together to form a broom or brush. [42] A frayed piece of root can also be used as a toothbrush. It can be reduced further to yield coconut sugar also referred to as palm sugar or jaggery. In the Philippines, the coconut is commonly called the "tree of life". The stiff midribs of coconut leaves are used for making brooms in India, Indonesia (sapu lidi), Malaysia, the Maldives, and the Philippines (walis tingting). This mite infests coconut plantations, and is devastating; it can destroy up to 90% of coconut production. The plant is one of the most valuable plants to man. Cocos-like fossils of fruits include "Cocos" intertrappeansis, "Cocos" pantii, and "Cocos" sahnii. CAS Number. For many plants, the website displays maps showing physiographic provinces within the Carolinas and Georgia where the plant has been documented. [13] Another early mention of the coconut dates back to the "One Thousand and One Nights" story of Sinbad the Sailor wherein he bought and sold a coconut during his fifth voyage. Coconuts have a nearly cosmopolitan distribution thanks to human action in using them for agriculture. A study in 2008 showed that the coconuts in the Americas are genetically closest related to coconuts in the Philippines, and not to any other nearby coconut populations (including Polynesia). The cups were frequently engraved and decorated with precious metals.[115]. Tropical people have collected these fruits for a very long and used them in food and in medicine. Cocos nucifera. [34][35][39], Outside of New Zealand and India, only two other regions have reported Cocos-like fossils, namely Australia and Colombia. The coconut is a plant of the palm tree family Arecaceae. [75] A sprouting coconut seed is the logo for Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia, the Indonesian scouting organization. However, the locations of the admixture events are limited to Madagascar and coastal east Africa, and exclude the Seychelles. 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