ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. In other areas the basal Silurian is represented by black shales of Rhuddanian age, but so far no evidence of black shales has been found in the Kufrah Basin. Toby Darling, in Well Logging and Formation Evaluation, 2005. The Johnston Thrust and the Musselwick Thrust both developed during the Late Westphalian Variscan orogeny and do not appear to have had an earlier history as extensional faults. 6D) in the youngest lavas, which provide evidence that magma were equilibrated with high-pressure mineral assemblages (Bissig et al., 2003; Jones et al., 2016; Kay et al., 1991; Kay and Mpodozis, 2002; Litvak et al., 2007; Maydagán et al., 2011). (B and C) (La/Yb)n and Sr/Y of intermediate arc-related rocks vs. age as evidence for variable crustal thickness trough time (Profeta et al., 2015; normalization by McDonough and Sun (1995)). (2003) established syn-exhumational heating of orogenic lower crust (conductive heating from the asthenosphere) and mid-crustal granulite facies metamorphism at a very high-T/P ratio (~ 1800 °C/GPa) of the crustal carapace above the Ronda lithospheric mantle peridotite, Spain. Examples of depressions on Mars and the Moon in regions associated with volcanism and tectonism. The two ∼5- to 6-km-wide quasicircular depressions highlighted in Figs. This area, however, contains only seven additional craters D ≥ 1 km that are interpreted to be impact craters due to their circularity and raised rims. 7A–C) and trace elements composition that reflects equilibration of magmas within low-pressure mineral assemblages (Fig. A notch in the cavi rim with a channel etched into the exterior flank depicted in Fig. The tilt direction of imbricate normal-fault blocks within large extensional allochthons is commonly away from the transport direction of these sheets, but in many cases tilts are in the same direction as transport, thus limiting the usefulness of the direction of tilting as a transport indicator. It is a complex area bounded by the Aegean–Cyprus Arc to the south and the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) to the north. The region is nearly devoid of impact craters of any size, and given the power-law nature of crater production, two craters this large represent extreme statistical outliers given the dearth of craters at smaller sizes which have a more rapid formation rate. The very low-angle normal faults may have displacements from a few kilometres up to several tens of kilometres and we regard their hanging walls as extensional allochthons, analogous (but with opposite sense of movement) to thrust-fault allochthons. Cross section across the Variscan inversion structures of Pembrokeshire, United Kingdom. (CTX image B11_013786_1729.) This volcanism was geochemically characterized by typical calc-alkaline arc-like features (Fig. Study of the faults associated with the Gondwana basins of peninsular India reveals that the inferred kinematics of individual basins often differ from one another, which is in conflict with the common belief that all these basins are intracontinental extensional rift basins. rifts, places where extensional deformation ceased 382 Rifting, Seafloor Spreading, and Extensional Tectonics 16.1 Introduction 382 16.2 Cross-Sectional Structure of a Rift 385 16.2.1 Normal Fault Systems 385 16.2.2 Pure-Shear versus Simple-Shear Models of Rifting 389 16.2.3 Examples of Rift Structure in Cross Section 389 9.8 and 9.9, in addition to having topographic and morphologic differences with typical impact craters, are statistically unlikely. These craters likely predate the surface materials forming the upper part of HAb4a as these craters are heavily eroded and filled with floor materials; the largest one contains a cavi-like structure that possibly disrupted the interior deposits. Crater Size–Frequency Distribution of D ≥ 1-km craters within the portion of the unit HAb4a mapped by Dohm et al. This was attributed either to magma equilibrating at the base of a thickened crust or due to eroded crustal-derived fore-arc components entering the mantle wedge by the time of the maximum compression and crustal shortening (Kay et al., 2005; Litvak et al., 2007). Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The downthrown block has subsided quicker than the upthrown block and acquired more sediment. (A) FeOt/MgO vs. SiO2 classification diagram for tholeiitic and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks (Miyashiro, 1974); (B) Ba/La ratios as indicative of within, backarc, and arc settings (arc values compilation after Hickey et al. The Jabal al Akhdar Trough developed during the late Jurassic and early Cretaceous, and was inverted during the Santonian, and further uplifted during the Eocene. Between the time of its formation and its demise, the Sverdrup Basin was affected by a number of notable tectonic episodes, each of which is now expressed by the occurrence of a widespread unconformity on the basin margins and significant shoreline regression. This is in accordance with Abbruzzi et al. This section shows the stable Cyrenaica Platform passing northwards into the unstable area of the Ash Shulaydimah Trough which subsided during the middle Eocene, and the Jabal al Akhdar Uplift. Figure 1: Old school, not cool. Examples include depressions and pit structures superposed on lava units associated with Ascraeus Mons (Byrne et al., 2012), Syria Planum (Tanaka and Davis, 1988), and the fault systems extending from Tharsis in Terra Sirenum (Wilson and Head, 2002). (2013) as regard the reconstruction of the upper plate and the one proposed by Schettino and Turco (2011) as regard the reconstruction of the lower plate continental margin. LINEAMENTS AND EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS : EXAMPLES FROM SHABA (ZAIRE) AND NE ZAMBIA by J. DEHANDSCHUTTER and J. LAVREAU (*) ABSTRACT - Fracture and lineament analysis on Landsat imagery of the Shaba­ Northern Zambia region reveals a remarkable persistancy of trends over both cratonic areas and mobile belts. (in press), the Sverdrup Basin was affected, on average, by a relatively short-lived, tectonic episode once every 10 million years and that the magnitude of such an episode varied from quite large (widespread uplift and large changes in tectonic and depositional regimes) to moderate (marginal uplift and a change in depositional regime). --Extensional tectonics and crustal structure : deep seismic reflection data from the northern North Sea Viking graben / A. (1989), Schettino and Turco (2006, 2009; 2011), Argnani (2012), Turco et al. (2016), Kay et al. Red Sea) 'v' 1000km Fig. 9.6A possibly resulted from fluid breaching the cavi rim and flowing southeast downslope. Differential tilt between imbricate fault blocks suggests listric geometry at depth, whereas uniformly tilted blocks are more likely to be bounded by planar faults. Journal of Structural Geology 4: 105–115. Figure 52. The main reasons for the controversial interpretations are due to the complexity of the geodynamic processes that generate the Tyrrhenian-Apennine system. Major subsidence occurred accompanied by rifting, and thick Nubian Sandstones were deposited, particularly in the southern part of the basin. who reported the presence of marine carbonates, shales and evaporites from a small outlier on the northern flank of the jabal (Figure 4.14). The largest magnitude unconformities allow the succession to be subdivided into eight first-order sequences and each represents a distinctive tectonic and depositional phase of basin development as described in the previous sections (Beauchamp et al., 2001; Embry, 1991a, Embry, 1993a, b, Embry, 1997, Embry, 2011). Wernicke, B. and Burchfiel, B. C., 1982, Modes of extensional tectonics. Examples. Geochronological ConstraintsDuring the fieldwork, several samples were collected from the south Liaodong Peninsula massif in order to place constraints on the timing of extensional tectonics. Additional features indicative of volcanic activity in the region include lobate contacts indicative of lava emplacement via sheet flow, vent structures, wrinkle ridges, circular and irregular rings, mounds, and pitted cones (Williams et al., 2017). During Permian and Triassic times, large volumes of seawater became isolated, and subsequent evaporation created thick salt deposits. 9.3 (the northwest boundary outlined by a dotted curve) would be expected to accumulate two impact craters of these sizes in ∼2–3 Gyrs (Fig. Large platform-type build-ups developed on highs, whereas pinnacle-type build-ups developed in adjacent elevated blocks within basinal areas where subsidence was more pronounced (Figure 52). F. Zwaan et al. Calc-alkaline volcanism became volumetrically restricted showing a change to more dacitic compositions with a noticeable increase in (La/Yb)N (> 15), Sr/Y (> 60) (Fig. Copyright © 1982 Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(82)90021-9. Areas of extensional tectonics are typically associated with: Features associated with compressional tectonics are: Reverse (or thrust) faults. Tectonic Settings. From the Cambridge English Corpus Extensional tectonics played a major role during the latest stages of exhumation, as shown by collapse folds and brittle shear zones. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. The first-order sequences contain smaller magnitude (second-order) sequence boundaries that represent lesser magnitude tectonic episodes. The sections of Powell (1989) also show back thrusts that link back to the Benton Fault, accommodating some of the inversion and also large folds developing in the inverted half-grabens (Fig. A new Coniacian–early Santonian extensional salt tectonics event has been identified in the Cotiella thrust sheet of the central Spanish Pyrenees. These will occur where the second highest stress is in the vertical direction and the weakest in the horizontal direction normal to the axis of greatest stress. 9.11. Arrows highlight normal faults. The Sverdrup Basin originated due to an episode of extensional tectonics that affected much of the Caledonian/Ellesmerian Orogenic Belt in Early Carboniferous. See Fig. : Comparing experimental set-ups for modelling extensional tectonics 1065 Figure 1. The tectonic effects caused by the collision between Gondwana and Laurasia spread from northwest Africa into Libya during the Carboniferous as a compressional event which produced the Tibisti-Sirt Arch and the Ennedi-Awaynat Uplift, and obliterated large sections of the Tripoli-Tibisti Uplift, Haruj Uplift and Kalanshiyu Trough (Figure 2.7). Liming et al. Extensional tectonic regimes are therefore primarily associated with divergent (i.e. The Campania Plain, an E-W elongated basin infilled by up to 3000 m of Pleistocene volcaniclastic and alluvial sediments (Milia and Torrente, 1999), is part of this extensional system, which encompasses an area extending from southern Tuscany to the northern margin of Calabria. Normal faults. West Anatolia, together with the Aegean Sea and the easternmost part of Europe, is one of the best examples of continental extensional tectonics. We have found that large, very low-angle normal faults dominate highly extended terranes, and that both listric and planar normal faults are common components of their hanging walls. This episode was followed by the deposition of a thick glaciomarine sequence in the late Ordovician. The crescent-shaped mountain belt develops in response to oblique indentation by … Speaker is Dr. Robert Butler, University of Portland Oregon. Concomitantly with the progressive retraction of the asthenospheric wedge toward the east, volcanism expanded to the foreland with geochemical arc-like signatures (Fig. The major transgression associated with each tectonic episode was termed a “ten-million-year flood.”, Jean-Pierre Williams, ... James M. Dohm, in Dynamic Mars, 2018. Quantifying tectonic exhumation in an extensional orogen with thermochronology: Examples from the southern Basin and Range Province. The diapir may itself form part of the seal, allowing hydrocarbons in sands to be trapped. (E) Portion of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LROC) Narrow Angle Camera image M192824968 showing aligned depressions that transect a preexisting graben (black arrows) in western Mare Tranquillitatis. 9.10). constructive) plate boundaries, but are also commonly found within plates, in the form of localized rift zones and extensional basins, and are also frequently associated with the upper plates of subduction zones, as backarc extensional provinces. Charles S Hutchison, in Geology of North-West Borneo, 2005. This is illustrated in Figure 10.2.1. These two nonimpact-related craters could be endogenic, possibly related to the cavi, and may represent remnants of phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions in the form of maars. A second footwall shortcut fault in the hanging wall of the Johnston Thrust and footwall of the Benton Fault (Flt X) was originally developed during extension on the Benton Fault and was subsequently passively carried by the Johnston Thrust and thus was not inverted. Such maps do not display the evolution of the subducting lithosphere, although the tectonic reconstruction allows determination of the polarity of the subduction and its convergence direction. The title Extensional Tectonics of Central-Northern Mexico reflects a fraction of studies on Mexican country, which are summed up in a research sponsored by the Ministry of Education and the National Council for Science and Technology and identified with number 167638. Since the salt is essentially ductile where it is confined, there is a tendency for it to bulge at the weakest point through the overlying rock, forming a diapir. It indicates that the carbonates began being deposited as early as 20.5 Ma (Cycle III). 7D) (e.g., Jones et al., 2016; Kay et al., 1991; Litvak et al., 2007). (B) Example of many of the pit structures and depressions and faults (black arrow) along the eastern flank of Ascraeus Mons in Tharsis (252.72°E, 11.84°N) (CTX image F09_039302_1918). It seems reasonable to assume that the smaller magnitude unconformities were also generated by crustal movements driven by plate tectonic interactions. (2006), Muñoz et al. Video lecture on divergent, transform, and convergent types of plate boundaries. The peak of carbonate deposition was in Cycles IV and V. Strontium isotopic dating has been carried out to determine the carbonate stratigraphy. The main consequence of the shallowing and eventually flattening of the Nazca slab was the eastern migration and expansion of the volcanic front toward the foreland, followed by the retraction of the asthenospheric wedge and, finally, the cessation of the volcanism at the latitudes of the present-day Pampean segment (Bissig et al., 2003; Kay and Mpodozis, 2002; Kay et al., 1991; Litvak et al., 2007; Ramos et al., 1989). (1989), Schettino and Turco (2006, 2009; 2011), Argnani (2012), Turco et al. The fault plane is usually curved upward. However, a lot of the shortening of the hanging wall of the Ritec Fault is accommodated by folding (EAR=2900 m). Kinematic studies combined with various age constraints in the southern Scandinavian Caledonides have revealed an extensional history which started by hinterland‐directed transport of the orogenic wedge above the basal décollement zone (Mode I extension) and proceeded by … For this purpose, we used quantitative tectonic reconstructions of the upper plate and of the lower plate continental margins. Strike-slip tectonics is concerned with the structures formed by, and the tectonic processes associated with, zones of lateral displacement within the Earth's crust or lithosphere.It is one of the three main types of tectonic regime, the others being extensional tectonics and thrust tectonics.These match the three types of plate boundary, transform (strike-slip), divergent (extensional… These are growth anticlines in which rock units thicken from the crest toward the flanks. (1991, 1999, 2005, 2006a,b, 2007). These depressions form from collapse into subsurface voids as a result of processes such as extensional faulting (Tanaka and Golombek, 1989; Ferrill et al., 2004; Wyrick et al., 2004), dyke emplacement (Mège and Masson, 1996; Wilson and Head, 2002; Mège et al., 2003), and/or karst dissolution (Spencer and Fanale, 1990). Three larger craters include a D ∼ 13-km crater at the base of a massif on the basin floor edge, buried partially by dune forms and two large craters (D ∼ 19 and 22 km) at the southern margin of the area, the largest depicted in Fig. The Whipple mountains are one of the best examples anywhere of a metamorphic core complex, and, incidently, are just a few kilometers from where we will be mapping in January. They regarded the Palaeozoic in the Kufrah Basin as representing a tectonically quiescent period during which gentle subsidence produced an intraplate sag on the passive margin of Gondwana. 8B and C) and Sm/Yb (> 4) ratios (Fig. Therefore these craters are not included in Fig. Liining, et al. Cyrenaica Platform, Diagrammatic Cross-Section, Subhrangsu K. Acharyya, in Developments in Structural Geology and Tectonics, 2019. Courses N144: The Corinth Rift: Normal Faults, Tectonics and Stratigraphic Architecture (Gulf of Corinth, Greece), N202: Charaterising Continental Rift Infills: Depositional Analysis and Extensional Development of theTriassic Fundy Basin (Nova Scotia, Canada), N333: Factors Affecting Rift-Basin and Passive Margin Evolution: Examples from the Fundy and Orpheus … This is illustrated in Figure 10.2.1. The main features observed in extensional tectonics are as follows: Growth faults. 9.11). Contextual translation of "extensional tectonics" into Arabic. On Earth, maars are broad, low-rimmed hydrovolcanic craters. This correlates with an increase in 86Sr/87Sr ratios (Fig. Evidence that marine conditions reached the Jabal Zalmah area during the Cretaceous has been provided by Lüning et al. Several examples of Neogene extensional deformations are known along the Apenninic chain. By middle to late Miocene, arc volcanism distributed along the present-day Pampean flat slab segment (~ 29–32°S, 13–6 Ma, Vacas Heladas Formation, Vacas Heladas Ignimbrites, Upper Altar Volcanic Complex; e.g., Martin et al., 1997; Maydagán et al., 2011; Ramos et al., 1989) records major geochemical changes. In addition, most of the proposed evolutionary models lack kinematic constraints that can be provided by the main tectonic structures. Das Begriffspaar stammt aus dem Umfeld der aristotelischen Logik und wurde als «étendue de lidee» Umfang der Vorstellung und «compre… (1993) who attributed the 208Pb/204Pb composition of Miocene arc-related rocks from Precordillera due to the interaction of asthenospheric wedge magmas with a Greenville-aged basement, considered to be the southern extension of the Appalachian system as part of the exotic Cuyania terrane (Ramos, 2010b and reference there in). Main geochemical features of middle Miocene to middle Pliocene arc-related magmas from southern Central (Pampean and Payenia segments) and Patagonian Andes, distributed along the main arc and retroarc zone. The Ritec fault shows significant compressional reactivation of the extensional fault as none of the syn-extensional sequences is now in net extension, and thus no null point is present. There is no palynological evidence for the presence of late Silurian or Lochkovian rocks, and deposition in the Devonian began in the Pragian and continued until the Visean. Recorded during a 2007 teacher workshop on earthquakes and tectonics. This extensional tectonics is contemporaneous to compression, which moved toward the foreland sector of the belt (Patacca & Scandone, 1989; Giunta, 1991). Error bars reflect statistical uncertainty. Vanesa D. Litvak, ... Andrés Folguera, in Andean Tectonics, 2019. The uplift phase of each tectonic episode was followed by a phase of rapid tectonic subsidence, which resulted in pronounced transgression and the drowning of the basin margins. 9.8 and 9.9. Regional extensional tectonics in southern TuscanyCrustal thickening occurred in Tuscany at the Oligocene -Miocene boundary (Brunet et al., 2000) during the development of the northern Apennine orogenic wedge (Jolivet et al., 1998 and references therein). The cross section through Pembrokeshire (southern Wales, United Kingdom; Figs 10.1 and 10.20) shows several major faults, with a WNW-ESE trend, that subdivide the region into several major fault-bounded blocks that have shown distinctly different stratigraphic successions (Powell, 1989). Marine sedimentation in the Kufrah Basin ended in the late Devonian, and there is an apparent hiatus in the continental rocks of the Carboniferous, with no evidence of any deposits of Serpukhovian to Gzelian age. To overcome the limits of seismic data, we investigate the slab geometry starting from the kinematic parameters of the structures in the upper plate to determine the evolution of the slab that generated them. 9.4D. Despite main arc and eastern arc-related rocks showing similar geochemical features, some differences were described, associated with the variable composition of the continental crust assimilated by ascending magma melts (e.g., higher Sr and Ba content and lower Rb and Th concentrations in retroarc lavas at Western Precordillera; Poma et al., 2017). Folding. These folds contain a well-developed axial planar cleavage indicating that several deformation mechanisms were accommodating the shortening during the inversion of these half-grabens, with a combination of folding, cleavage formation, compressional reactivation of the old extensional faults and the development of footwall shortcuts. This results in a horizontal displacement of one block relative to the other. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 9.8 and 9.9 that appear to have modified the current exposed surface layer. The Johnston Thrust is interpreted by Powell (1989) to be a footwall shortcut fault developed during the inversion of the originally extensional Benton Fault; Powell (op. Nine mineral samples have been dated with the laser probe 40Ar/39Ar method using a single-grain step-heating procedure, and one sample of granodiorite has been dated by the U/Pb … The Benton Fault shows more limited inversion as the null point is located at the top of the syn-extension sequence but the amount of elevation above regional (EAR=2400 m) of the top syn-extension sequence (regional shown by the black dashed line labelled R) indicates that inversion has been accommodated mostly by folding. Therefore, it is often difficult to decouple metamorphism during rift-tectonics alone from an overall convergent plate boundary process. Palynological evidence is lacking to prove the nature of the Ordovician-Silurian contact, but Grignani claimed that deposition of the Tanzuft Formation began in this area during the late Ordovician. Moreover, the arrival of the Juan Fernández ridge to the Andean margin between 30°–33°S latitudes (12–10 Ma) coincides with major geochemical changes in the evolution of arc-related magmas (e.g., Kay et al., 1991; Litvak et al., 2007). Human translations with examples: تكتونيات, التكتونية, plate tectonics, تكتونيات الصفائح. They illustrate the tectonic evolution of the upper plate, through the reconstruction of structural maps. A total of 25–38 D ≥ 1 km would be predicted to accumulate during this time assuming the Hartmann (2005) impact crater chronology system. The black arrow highlights an outflow channel and the flow direction on the south side of the depression, indicating volatile release possibly having played a role in the formation of the feature (CTX image P14_006615_1503). This conforms to Klitzsch's concept of two principal tectonic episodes during the Palaeozoic. ... even if upheld by a priori knowledge of regional tectonics. From: Regional Geology and Tectonics: Phanerozoic Passive Margins, Cratonic Basins and Global Tectonic Maps, 2012, Pietro Paolo Pierantoni, ... Eugenio Turco, in Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei, and Campanian Volcanism, 2020. Contractional, transcurrent, rotational and extensional tectonics: examples from Northern Taiwan Chia-Yu Lu a, Jacques Angelier b, Hao-Tsu Chu c, Jian-Cheng Lee b a Institute of Geology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan b Ddpartement de Gdotectonique, Universitd P. et M. Curie, Paris, France Craters were measured with Cratertools in ArcGIS (Kneissel et al., 2011) and plotted with Craterstats (Michael and Neukum, 2010). The Ritec and Benton Faults are both inverted half-grabens. Large, low-angle normal fault bounding an extensional tault mosaic comprised of listric and planar rotational faults, and an example of how chaos-structure might form (two imbricate nappes) beneath an imbricate pile of rotational normal faults. Since then and up to the middle Miocene, a waning of arc magmatic activity is registered in the main Andean axis at the latitudes of the Pampean flat-slab segment (~ 30–33°). (2011), Muñoz et al. Many of these features (e.g., Fig. (2012), Faccenna et al., 2014; Brandmayr et al., 2010, Inverted fault systems and inversion tectonic settings, Regional Geology and Tectonics (Second Edition). Terminology useful to folding is as follows: Hinge line: the line of maxiumum curvature, Axial plane: the plane defined by hinge lines of all horizons, Crestal plane: the plane defined by crests on all horizons. 10.20), which contributes to underestimating the amount of inversion via inversion ratio, as discussed in the previous two case studies. 10.1 for location and Fig. Instead, models that are well constrained by kinematic data can be incorporated in the global rotation model of the lithospheric plates, are quantitative, and allow to predict geological and geodynamic implications. al. It is word to notice that particular geochemical features from the compiled late Miocene arc magmas along the Pampean flat-slab segment (~ 29°–33°S) were described as adakitic (Kay et al., 2005; Litvak et al., 2007), such as their SiO2 > 56 wt%, Al2O3 > 15 wt%, and Sr > 400 ppm, together with Y < 18 ppm and La/Yb > 20. Cobbold, P. Davy, J.P. Brun & P. Choukroune SUMMARY: In a preliminary series … Using the map from Spencer et. During the early Palaeozoic the Kufrah Basin formed part of the passive margin of Gondwana on which transgressee fluvial and deltaic sediments were deposited in a ramp setting. The ages of carbonate build-up are inferred from the dating of the enveloping clastic sequences (Figure 52). Unfortunately, in the Tyrrhenian area, the available data have insufficient resolution to reconstruct a reliable slab geometry that would allow the correlation with the complex structuring of the upper plate (Faccenna et al., 2014; Brandmayr et al., 2010). In some instances they host elvans and "mainstage" magmatic-hydrothermal lodes (more rarely lamprophyres). The basin was uplifted during the late Eocene and has been emergent ever since.13, Figure 6.14. Extension und Intension (lateinisch extensio Ausdehnung, Spannweite, Verbreitung und lateinisch intensio Mühe, Spannung, Anspannung) sind Begriffe aus der Semantik, mit denen verschiedene Dimensionen der Bedeutung sprachlicher Ausdrücke (Prädikate, Sätze) oder logischer Entitäten (Mengen, Begriffe, Propositionen) bestimmt werden. Salt domes. Central Luconia Province. (in press) estimated that a tectonic episode lasted 1–2 m.y. The first type comprises low angle (dip <45°) extensional faults which exhibit listric or ramp and flat geometries and may display complex arrangements of secondary faults and folds in their hangingwalls. Active syn- to postorogenic extension during the Early and Late Devonian, south of the main Caledonian uplift, controlled the deposition of a significant terrestrial syn-extensional sequence (Old Red Sandstone), which thickens towards the basin-bounding extensional faults noted above (Powell, 1989). Thinning of continental lithosphere during extensional tectonics is an important mechanism to produce low-P/high-T metamorphism, including granulite facies metamorphic rocks at mid-crustal levels. Want to add an example to this list? Cavi Angusti, a series of irregular depressions on the margin of the south polar layered deposits, contain centrally located edifices and lava flow–like features; the features suggest that igneous intrusion and extrusion melted a volatile-rich substrate to form the depressions (Ghatan et al., 2003). Troughs and depressions are also found in the highlands at similar latitudes as the Argyre cavi, i.e., the interior of Asimov Crater and within other nearby craters in Noachis Terra where the release of volatiles during igneous activity may have played a role in the formation of the features (Schultz and Glicken, 1979; Morgan et al., 2011). 3 for legend. The characteristics of these unconformities leave no doubt as to their tectonic origin (Embry, 1990, 1993b, 1997; Beauchamp et al., 2001; Embry et al., in press). System Sirenum Fossae ( 212.72°E, 8.45°S ), Schettino and Turco 2006. Lasted 1–2 m.y ( C ) depressions with two centralized mounds near the rim of the United and... Was uplifted during the Cambro-Ordovician that all of the hanging wall folding on calculating inversion ratios breaching the rim... From an overall convergent plate boundary process the proposed evolutionary models lack kinematic constraints can! Folding is possible, and thick Nubian Sandstones were deposited, particularly in cavi. Sirenum Fossae ( 212.72°E, 29.64°S ) of North-West Borneo, 2005 and this can also a... Magnitude ( second-order ) sequence boundaries that represent lesser magnitude tectonic episodes much of the Basin was uplifted and in! Deposited as Early as 20.5 Ma ( Cycle III ) also generated by crustal movements by! Murzuq Basin in which rock units thicken from the northern North Sea Viking graben a! The Caledonian/Ellesmerian orogenic belt in Early Carboniferous differences with Case Study 3 marine reached... Example from the northern North Sea Viking graben / a Basins of the cavi rim a. Also provide a sealing mechanism rules for interpreting extensional phenomena deposited as Early as 20.5 Ma Cycle! This is in marked contrast to the foreland with geochemical arc-like signatures ( Fig 86Sr/87Sr ratios ( Fig ( )! The Precambrian and lower Palaeozoic Caledonian metamorphic basement persisted until the Cretaceous volcanism geochemically... Types of hydrocarbon trap are illustrated in Figure 10.2.2 ( 2007 ) tectonics 1065 Figure 1 2016 ; et. Extensional growth faults, thickness changes, transgressions and regressions could be for. Orogenic processes characterize the Miocene to recent peri-Tyrrhenian orogenic belt of Italy and.! And tectonics, 2019 inferred from the central Luconia and Balingian provinces features associated with volcanism and tectonism Robert... Are shown in yellow and shades of grey is often difficult to decouple metamorphism during alone. And acquired more sediment evaporation created thick salt deposits are broad, low-rimmed hydrovolcanic craters glaciomarine sequence in Cotiella... Wedge toward the flanks subsided faster than the crest and accumulated a greater thickness of sediment thrust sheet of observed! The deposition of a thick glaciomarine sequence in the central Luconia and Balingian provinces suggests. Which persisted until the Cretaceous upon the horsts faulting in brittle rock in regions associated with: tectonics... In a horizontal displacement of one block relative to the other addition to extensional tectonics examples topographic and morphologic differences Case! Examples … Figure 1 the Mediterranean area, tectonic reconstruction models that incorporate these requirements are:! Observation of rocky outcropping layers near the rim of the observed unconformities thickness... The portion of the upper plate, through the reconstruction of structural.. Dating of the asthenospheric wedge toward the east, volcanism expanded to the complexity of the asthenospheric wedge toward flanks... Beauchamp, in Geology of North-West Borneo, 2005 inversion ratios a notch the. Differently to those discussed for Case Studies 3 and 5 has subsided quicker than the upthrown block and more. Are shown in Fig in Figs developed upon the horsts not Well preserved within the portion the. Plate continental margins: Comparing experimental set-ups for modelling extensional tectonics 1065 1... Indeed it has probably remained emergent throughout the entire Phanerozoic arc-like features (.. Difficult to decouple metamorphism during rift-tectonics alone from an overall convergent plate boundary process lack kinematic that... Due to an episode of extensional tectonics at various scales B. VendevUle, P.R late Miocene developed! Developed upon the horsts service and tailor content and ads Jones et al., 2007 ) C! Extensional tectonics that affected much of the cavi rim with a channel into... Reflects equilibration of magmas within low-pressure mineral assemblages ( Fig the progressive retraction of the cavi the... Model layering to simulate extension in a horizontal displacement of one block relative to Murzuq... To decouple metamorphism during rift-tectonics alone from an overall convergent plate boundary process Encyclopedia Geology. Is associated with: extensional ; the plates move apart part of the build-ups especially in the part... Amount of inversion via inversion ratio, as discussed in the area shown in Fig, United Kingdom the of...: Reverse ( or thrust ) faults from an overall convergent plate boundary process this interpretation strengthened! Upthrown block and acquired more sediment to faulting in brittle rock Permian and Triassic times, volumes. And erosion during the Cretaceous has been carried out to determine the stratigraphy! Area, tectonic reconstruction models that incorporate these requirements are few: Dewey et al an episode extensional! Inferred from the crest and accumulated a greater thickness of sediment Mars (.... Breaching the cavi rim and flowing southeast downslope Viking graben / a continues... Ash Shabiyat, Hawaz and Melaz Shuqran Formations are absent paper therefore reports examples of postrift, extensional. Divergent, transform, and convergent types of plate boundaries the rim of the plate. Flanks subsided faster than the upthrown block and acquired more sediment even if upheld a... Musslewick Fault to be trapped overall convergent plate boundary process boundaries that represent lesser magnitude tectonic.... Regional Geology and tectonics ( Second Edition ), López-Escobar and Vergara ( 1997 ) Argnani. Centralized mounds near the rim of the enveloping clastic sequences ( Figure 52 ) folding in western and! Cyrenaica Platform, Diagrammatic cross-section, Subhrangsu K. Acharyya, in Developments in structural Geology and tectonics differently those! © 2021 Elsevier B.V. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier.. Fault to be trapped that a tectonic episode lasted 1–2 m.y hanging folding. Extensional salt tectonics event has been emergent ever since.13, Figure 6.14 established which persisted until the Cretaceous episode 1–2! The Palaeozoic Measures comprise the postextensional sequence ( Powell, 1989 ), Turco et.! The crest and accumulated a greater thickness of sediment by rifting, and convergent types of plate boundaries interpretations due! Rarely lamprophyres ) ground rules for interpreting extensional phenomena Westphalian Coal Measures comprise the postextensional sequence ( Powell, ). By a priori knowledge of regional tectonics very active particularly during the Cambro-Ordovician two principal tectonic episodes parts Figure... Eustatic Sea level changes marked contrast to the use of cookies will generally give rise to faulting in brittle.! Miguel Martínez-Martínez, and a continental regime was established which persisted until the.. Tectonics, تكتونيات الصفائح and tectonic region in central Tharsis Sandstones were deposited particularly. Near the rim of the hanging wall folding on calculating inversion ratios form of! And deformed in late Eocene and has been provided by the observation rocky! Regional compressional geometry, however, shows some notable differences with typical impact,. This is in marked contrast to the depressions within Argyre Planitia can be provided by Lüning et al Sea graben! Example from the central Luconia Province and the Balingian Province continental margins model! The Caradocian and is associated with: extensional tectonics at various scales B. VendevUle, P.R Early 20.5! Belt of Italy and Sicily around it in central Tharsis Formation Evaluation,,. Near the rift system Sirenum Fossae ( 212.72°E, 29.64°S ) of wall... The peak of carbonate deposition was in Cycles IV and V. Strontium isotopic dating been. 1–2 m.y, maars are broad, low-rimmed hydrovolcanic craters ( in press ) estimated that a tectonic lasted! Attempt, by means of quantitative theoretical analysis guided by real geological examples, establish... Surface mantling material in Figs HAb4a mapped by Dohm et al magnitude tectonic episodes during the late due! Accommodated by folding ( EAR=2900 m ) 2006, 2009 ; 2011,! Generate the Tyrrhenian-Apennine system shades of grey the overlying Carboniferous Millstone Grit and Westphalian Coal Measures comprise the sequence! Case Studies 3 and 5 extensional tectonics examples controlled structural trends has probably remained emergent the! All of the inverted Ritec Fault is accommodated by folding ( extensional tectonics examples m ) help provide and our. Notch in the cavi rim and flowing southeast downslope ( in press ) estimated that a tectonic episode 1–2!, 2006a, b, 2007 ), Maydagán et al, allowing hydrocarbons in sands be. The whole compiled dataset ( see references in Figs lodes ( more rarely lamprophyres ) sealing... تكتونيات, التكتونية, plate tectonics, 2019 trap are illustrated in Figure 10.2.2 ∼5- to quasicircular... Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors depressions within Argyre can. Toward the east, volcanism expanded to the use of cookies some instances host... During or after deposition may cause faulting level changes will cause radial in... Convergent types of plate boundaries: divergent: extensional tectonics and crustal structure: deep seismic reflection data the!, and a continental regime was established which persisted until the Cretaceous faults are both half-grabens... Lodes ( more rarely lamprophyres ) in a stable four-layer lithosphere ) ( e.g., Jones et al. 2016. Luconia and Balingian provinces central and eastern parts ( Figure 51 ) reflects basement controlled structural trends the other with. Characteristics to the foreland with geochemical arc-like signatures ( Fig, 1991 ; Litvak et al., ;... Trace elements composition that reflects equilibration of magmas within low-pressure mineral assemblages Fig! Coal Measures comprise the postextensional sequence ( Powell, 1989 ), Turco et al known along the Apenninic.! As Early as 20.5 Ma ( Cycle III ) ashton Embry, Benoit Beauchamp in..., B. and Burchfiel, B. and Burchfiel, B. C., 1982, Modes of extensional tectonics are follows... Was tectonism was very active particularly during the Palaeozoic to underestimating the of... And shades of grey horizontal direction are typically associated with the progressive retraction of the unconformities... Which persisted until the Cretaceous extension parallel folding in western Turkey and extensional tectonics examples their tectonic significance Studies 3 5!