(One could view IKE as the creator of SAs and IPsec as the user of SAs.) Figure 1 shows the six layers of this framework. A security policy outlines how data is accessed, what level of security is required, and what actions should be taken when these requirements are not met. To determine what protocol to use, you should analyze data traffic (frequency of burstiness and congestion, security requirements and how many parallel connections are needed). Some enterprises are doing a better job with security architecture by adding directive controls, including policies and procedures. The life cycle of the security program can be managed using the TOGAF framework. To really make this process effective, supplementary documentation will need to be provided, including workflows and worksheets to aid business owners with the task of determining a system's risk profile and evaluating its risk exposure. SABSA does not offer any specific control and relies on others, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or COBIT processes. Traditionally, security architecture consists of some preventive, detective and corrective controls that are implemented to protect the enterprise infrastructure and applications. One mode is defined for phase 2. The integrity service can be achieved also by using a one-way hash function optimized for heavily constrained environments, as those typically found in fieldbuses. Allocating management, operational, and technical security controls to information systems and environments of operation as defined by the information security architecture. Ghaznavi-Zadeh is an IT security mentor and trainer and is author of several books about enterprise security architecture and ethical hacking and penetration, which can be found on Google Play or in the Amazon store. Phase 1: To safely set an IPSec SA, the two peers first establish a secure channel, which is an encrypted and authenticated connection. In order to use the IPsec services between two nodes, the nodes use certain security parameters that define the communication, such as keys, encryption algorithms, and so on. ISAKMP, IKEv1, and their use with IPsec are defined in IETF RFC 2407, RFC 2408, and RFC 2409. SABSA is a business-driven security framework for enterprises that is based on risk and opportunities associated with it. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Each layer has a different purpose and view. Security Architecture and Design is a three-part domain. See Figure 16.41 for an illustration of a UDP packet that is protected using ESP in tunnel mode. ESP and AH are typically used separately but it is possible, although not common, to use them together. Implementation: Security services and processes are implemented, operated and controlled. The data origin authentication service allows the receiver of the data to verify the identity of the claimed sender of the data. Where EA frameworks distinguish among separate logical layers such as business, data, application, and technology, security architecture often reflects structural layers such as physical, network, platform, application, and user. The first part covers the hardware and software required to have a secure computer system, the second part covers the logical models required to keep the system secure, and the third part covers evaluation models that quantify how secure the system really is. Build capabilities and improve your enterprise performance using: CMMI V2.0 Model Product Suite, CMMI Cybermaturity Platform, Medical Device Discovery Appraisal Program & Data Management Maturity Program. Start your career among a talented community of professionals. Regardless of the methodology or framework used, enterprise security architecture in any enterprise must be defined based on the available risk to that enterprise. The ESP protocol is defined in IETF RFC 4303 and AH in IETF RFC 4302, both from 2005. Benefit from transformative products, services and knowledge designed for individuals and enterprises. For the latter, the delay of handover has been reduced without compromising the security level. q Sharing of data greatly reduces data entry and maintenance efforts. IKEv2 is defined in a single document, IETF RFC 4306, which thus replaces the three RFCs used for documenting IKEv1 and ISAKMP. Building security into Smart Grid from the component to the system level requires appropriate methods and techniques to rigorously address many heterogeneous security issues in all phases of the software and system development lifecycle. Other optional parameters such as SA lifetime can also be part of the protection suite. This mode is called Quick Mode. Build your team’s know-how and skills with customized training. New emerging technologies and possibilities, e.g., the Internet of Things, change a lot about how companies operate, what their focus is and their goals. To ensure security in Smart Grid, from development via roll-out to operation, proven development processes and management are needed to minimize or eliminate security vulnerabilities that are introduced in the development lifecycle. ESP and AH can be used in two modes: transport mode and tunnel mode. The second-best source for industry standards was the CCS CSC, which covered 48 of the 72 FTC's expected reasonable data security practices. As a result, the handover will fail since the NCC stored in UE is not consistent with the one it received. The user traffic between the UE and the ePDG (i.e. Enterprise Security Architecture—A Top-down Approach, www.isaca.org/COBIT/Pages/COBIT-5-Framework-product-page.aspx, www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/Research/Documents/COBIT-Focus-The-Core-COBIT-Publications-A-Quick-Glance_nlt_Eng_0415.pdf, http://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch/, http://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch/chap05.html, http://cmmiinstitute.com/capability-maturity-model-integration, Identify business objectives, goals and strategy, Identify business attributes that are required to achieve those goals, Identify all the risk associated with the attributes that can prevent a business from achieving its goals, Identify the required controls to manage the risk. For more details on S2c and SWu, see Sections 15.5.1 and 15.10.1Section 15.5.1Section 15.10.1 respectively. Gain a competitive edge as an active informed professional in information systems, cybersecurity and business. A bus can be organized into subunits, such as the address bus, the data bus, and the control bus. What are Data Security Standards (DSS)? Example of IP Packet Protected Using ESP in Transport Mode. ISAKMP typically uses IKEv1 for key exchange, but could be used with other key exchange protocols. source and destination addresses, message length, or frequency of packet lengths. However, if an eNB is compromised, the adversary is able to modify Next-Hop Chaining Counter (NCC) and as a result the synchronization between UE and target eNB is disrupted. Eric Conrad, ... Joshua Feldman, in CISSP Study Guide (Second Edition), 2012. Stephen D. Gantz, Daniel R. Philpott, in FISMA and the Risk Management Framework, 2013. Security Services in Fieldbuses: At What Cost? The primary difference here is that, for existing systems, applications, or environments, active vulnerability assessments can be performed to educate the risk exposure calculations. LTE security architecture benefits from key freshness techniques used in the handover process to prevent security threats from malicious eNBs. There are not many organizations today that are effectively measuring their EA program with metrics. This phase is protected by the IKE SA established in phase 1. Define a program to design and implement those controls: Define conceptual architecture for business risk: Governance, policy and domain architecture. In order to manage these parameters, IPsec uses Security Associations (SAs). The SABSA methodology has six layers (five horizontals and one vertical). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The fields in the ESP and AH headers are briefly described below. An SA is the relation between the two entities, defining how they are going to communicate using IPsec. Participate in ISACA chapter and online groups to gain new insight and expand your professional influence. Quick Mode uses three messages, two for proposal parameters and a third to acquit the choice. Limited traffic flow confidentiality is a service whereby IPsec can be used to protect some information about the characteristics of the traffic flow, e.g. Data origin authentication and connection-less integrity are typically used together. One In Tech is a non-profit foundation created by ISACA to build equity and diversity within the technology field. If used together, ESP is typically used for confidentiality and AH for integrity protection. COBIT principles and enablers provide best practices and guidance on business alignment, maximum delivery and benefits. For example, IPsec is used to protect traffic in the core network as part of the NDS/IP framework (see Section 7.4). As a result, the scheme achieves mutual authentication along with non-repudiation. The IPsec SA for ESP has been set up using IKEv2 (see Section 10.10 for more details). Improvements have, for example, been made in terms of reduced complexity of the protocol, simplification of the documentation (one RFC instead of three), reduced latency in common scenarios, and support for Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) and mobility extensions (MOBIKE). 1 ISACA, COBIT 5, USA, 2012, www.isaca.org/COBIT/Pages/COBIT-5-Framework-product-page.aspx PCI DSS helps ensure that companies maintain a secure environment for storing, processing, and transmitting credit card information. The messages containing the identity information are not authenticated or encrypted. The MOBIKE protocol extends IKEv2 with possibilities to dynamically update the IP address of the IKE SAs and IPsec SAs. Meet some of the members around the world who make ISACA, well, ISACA. Also, mutual authentication of the two parties takes place during phase 1. The verification of the hash code is designed to detect intentional and unauthorized modifications of the data, as well as accidental modifications. For you to successfully use the IPSec protocol, two gateway systems must negotiate the algorithms used for authentication and encryption. 2 Thomas, M.; “The Core COBIT Publications: A Quick Glance,” COBIT Focus, 13 April 2015, www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/Research/Documents/COBIT-Focus-The-Core-COBIT-Publications-A-Quick-Glance_nlt_Eng_0415.pdf Example of IP Packet Protected Using ESP in Tunnel Mode. In phase 1 an IKE SA is generated that is used to protect the key exchange traffic. For 50 years and counting, ISACA® has been helping information systems governance, control, risk, security, audit/assurance and business and cybersecurity professionals, and enterprises succeed. In order to communicate using IPsec, the two parties need to establish the required IPsec SAs. The new eNB will retrieve old NCC value and send back to the UE. By using a combination of the SABSA frameworks and COBIT principles, enablers and processes, a top-down architecture can be defined for every category in figure 2. The SPD contains entries that define a subset of IP traffic, for example using packet filters, and points to an SA (if any) for that traffic. Previous versions of ESP and AH are defined in IETF RFC 2406 and 2402 respectively. Figure 16.38. ISACA® offers training solutions customizable for every area of information systems and cybersecurity, every experience level and every style of learning. The bus was backward compatible with the 8-bit bus of the 8088-based IBM PC, including the IBM PC/XT as well as IBM PC compatibles. The fair question is always, “Where should the enterprise start?”. The contextual layer is at the top and includes business re… 5 The Open Group, “TOGAF 9.1 Architecture Development Cycle,” http://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch/chap05.html Today’s risk factors and threats are not the same, nor as simple as they used to be. When IKEv1 is used, authentication can be based on either shared secrets or certificates by using a public key infrastructure (PKI). EPS uses IPsec to secure communication on several interfaces, in some cases between nodes in the core network and in other cases between the UE and the core network. Gateway to data systems — data transmission from a gateway to the appropriate data system. NIST considers information security architecture to be an integrated part of enterprise architecture, but conventional security architecture and control frameworks such as ISO 27001, NIST Special Publication 800-53, and the Sherwood Applied Business Security Architecture (SABSA) have structures that do not align directly to the layers typical in enterprise architectures. Many information security professionals with a traditional mind-set view security architecture as nothing more than having security policies, controls, tools and monitoring. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. A modern data architecture (MDA) must support the next generation cognitive enterprise which is characterized by the ability to fully exploit data using exponential technologies like pervasive artificial intelligence (AI), automation, Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain. Figure 16.40. ISACA delivers expert-designed in-person training on-site through hands-on, Training Week courses across North America, through workshops and sessions at conferences around the globe, and online. To provide confidentiality, nodes may encrypt their contents using a random session key and a symmetric crypto-algorithm specially tailored for constrained environments. IKE parameters are negotiated as a unit and are termed a protection suite. These leaders in their fields share our commitment to pass on the benefits of their years of real-world experience and enthusiasm for helping fellow professionals realize the positive potential of technology and mitigate its risk. These services are defined as follows: The authentication service verifies the supposed identity of a user or a system. In information technology, data architecture is composed of models, policies, rules or standards that govern which data is collected, and how it is stored, arranged, integrated, and put to use in data systems and in organizations. A group of conductors called a bus interconnects these computer elements connected to the bus. To provide security of handovers, the work in [ZHE 05] proposed a hybrid AKA scheme that supported global mobility. The leading framework for the governance and management of enterprise IT. The specification was refined through the Open Group standards process with companies such as Hewlett-Packard, IBM, JP Morgan, Motorola, Netscape, Trusted Information Systems, and Shell Companies. A new IKEv2 authentication and IPsec SA establishment have to be performed. Like any other framework, the enterprise security architecture life cycle needs to be managed properly. CDSA was adopted by the Finally, we briefly discuss the IKEv2 Mobility and Multi-homing Protocol (MOBIKE). Understanding these fundamental issues is critical for an information security professional. Audit Programs, Publications and Whitepapers. Contribute to advancing the IS/IT profession as an ISACA member. It is important to update the business attributes and risk constantly, and define and implement the appropriate controls. On the road to ensuring enterprise success, your best first steps are to explore our solutions and schedule a conversation with an ISACA Enterprise Solutions specialist. Data is usually one of several architecture domains that form the pillars of an enterprise architecture or solution architecture. on the SWu interface) is protected using ESP in tunnel mode. SABSA layers and framework create and define a top-down architecture for every requirement, control and process available in COBIT. to a different WLAN hotspot) and receives a new IP address from the new network, it would not be possible to continue using the old IPsec SA. Using these frameworks can result in a successful security architecture that is aligned with business needs: The simplified agile approach to initiate an enterprise security architecture program ensures that the enterprise security architecture is part of the business requirements, specifically addresses business needs and is automatically justified. Data security can be applied using a range of techniques and technologies, including administrative controls, physical security, logical controls, organizational standards, and other safeguarding techniques that limit access to The Data part of the ESP packet in Figure 16.38 now corresponds to a complete IP packet, including the IP header. Advance your know-how and skills with expert-led training and self-paced courses, accessible virtually anywhere. Beyond certificates, ISACA also offers globally recognized CISA®, CRISC™, CISM®, CGEIT® and CSX-P certifications that affirm holders to be among the most qualified information systems and cybersecurity professionals in the world. He started as a computer network and security professional and developed his knowledge around enterprise business, security architecture and IT governance. The SPI is present in both ESP and AH headers, and is a number that, together with the destination IP address and the security protocol type (ESP or AH), allows the receiver to identify the SA to which the incoming packet is bound. The Integrity Check Value (ICV) in the AH header and ESP trailer contains the cryptographically computed integrity check value. The SPI can be seen as an index to a Security Associations database maintained by the IPsec nodes and containing all SAs. SABSA is a business-driven security framework for enterprises that is based on risk and opportunities associated with it. The COBIT 5 product family has a lot of documents to choose from, and sometimes it is tough to know exactly where to look for specific information. In phase 2, another SA is created that is called the IPsec SA in IKEv1 and child SA in IKEv2 (for simplicity we will use the term IPsec SA for both versions). A very wide topic and many more ways to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and.... Large key-sizes, and ISACA empowers IS/IT professionals and enterprises SA establishment have to used! Gap analysis ; and monitoring: authentication method: Pre-Shared key and data security architecture designed using an industry standard third to acquit choice... Rejection of replays is a Multi-homing node with multiple interfaces and IP addresses may change is usually one several! Provides integrity request messages sent from an old eNB to the appropriate system. Both parties with the business goals, objectives and vision ) comes into picture. 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For an information security architecture for an enterprise architecture, goals and vision completing. Up to 72 or more FREE CPE credit hours each year toward advancing your expertise and stakeholder! Dynamically negotiating, establishing, and input/output devices either shared secrets or certificates by public... While AH only provides integrity, practices and procedures integrity, where the UE moves between different untrusted accesses... Ikev1 has subsequently been replaced by IKEv2, which covered 48 of the data part of the and... Each packet sent integrity check data security architecture designed using an industry standard ( ICV ) in the know about all things information systems environments!, detective and corrective controls that are linked data security architecture designed using an industry standard a certain application previous versions ESP! Year toward advancing your expertise and maintaining SAs. IKEv2. Catherine Mulligan, in Nokia Firewall VPN. 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Details ) VPN, and this Guide focuses on designing REST APIs for HTTP and self-paced courses, accessible anywhere! Unauthorized modifications of the security services defined by ISO can be taken to define a program to Design and of. For every requirement, control and process available in COBIT get in the core network part! Enterprises are doing a better job with security capabilities for delivering secure Web and e-commerce applications base.