15-17. To paraphrase the prayer in chapter 2, Jonah was saying “Ivri anokhi [I am a Hebrew]” (1:9)! And should I not care about Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than a hundred and twenty thousand persons who do not yet know their right hand from their left, and many beasts as well!” (4:10-11). See, e.g., Gen. 39:14, 17; 40:15; 41:12; 43:32; Exod. . However, you also were willing to die rather than face heat. Jonah feared that he then would be called a false prophet once his prediction of Nineveh’s destruction went unfulfilled.[3]. A great guy to talk to about anything that's on your mind. God commanded the whale, and it vomited the reluctant prophet onto dry land. For I know that You are a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in kindness, renouncing punishment. Enlarge. See more ideas about bible cartoon, jonah bible, jonah. 33-35; commentary pp. Ibn Ezra on 1:1). The Lord! It tells of a Hebrew prophet named Jonah son of Amittai who is sent by God to prophesy the destruction of Nineveh but tries to escape the divine mission. Jesus did not consider the book of Jonah to be a fable or myth. March 1938. In his first daily cartoon, Herb Block deplored the clear-cutting of America's virgin forests and foreshadowed the economic wasteland to come in the next decade. How, then, can you expect to understand God’s attributes? They then access an online activity to learn about the artistic techniques cartoonists f… Much of the book has little to do with repentance or God’s mercy – particularly Jonah’s lengthy encounter with the sailors in chapter 1 who never needed to repent, and his prayer in chapter 2 where Jonah likely did not repent. For fuller exploration of this and related disparities, see Hayyim Angel. DICTIONARY ; THESAURUS ; GRAMMAR . To paraphrase God’s response: You, Jonah, wanted to die for the highest of ideals. 34:6), For I know that You are a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in kindness, renouncing punishment. [12] Cf. The captain even uses the same words in 1:6 (, To explain the bifurcation of Jonah’s statement, Abarbanel advances a midrashic-style comment: “The intent [of the word. The Talmud ascribes the composition of the Twelve Prophets to the Men of the Great Assembly (Bava Batra 15a). . 140,304,902 stock photos online. Tags: New York | Political Cartoons | Tennessee: FDR On Vacation. Jonah definition: a Hebrew prophet who, having been thrown overboard from a ship in which he was fleeing... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Franklin D. Roosevelt & New Deal Political Cartoons “A Clear Track” by Hungerford March 14, 1933, Newark ... February 18, 1936, Kansas City Star “‘Jonah’” March 9, 1938, Mansfield, Ohio News Journal . WORD ORIGINS ; LANGUAGE QUESTIONS ; WORD LISTS; … Biblical: because Jonah was on board a ship when God caused it to sink, sailors have traditionally used the name to personify someone who brings bad luck. Please, Lord, take my life, for I would rather die than live.” (4:1-3). After all, they could not distinguish their right from their left in the sense that they served false deities. Jonah - Meaning of Jonah. However, you also were willing to die rather than face heat. A God compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in kindness and faithfulness . It was asked of wisdom: what is the punishment for a sinner? View. He rebelled against God by fleeing and then slept while the terrified sailors prayed. Jonah emphatically contrasted himself with the pagan sailors; however, the narrator instead has contrasted Jonah with God. (2:9-10). out of the fish's belly--Every place may serve as an oratory.No place is amiss for prayer. Download 66 Jonah Cartoon Stock Illustrations, Vectors & Clipart for FREE or amazingly low rates! Jonah did not care about the outstandingly ethical behavior of the sailors nor the impressively penitent Ninevites. . It was asked of prophecy: what is the punishment for a sinner? Is there some area of your life in which you are defying God, and rationalizing it? It was asked of God: what is the punishment for a sinner? . The Lord! Additionally, there is no mention of Israel or its king in the story. [13] In his prayer, Jonah was more concerned with being saved and serving God in the Temple than he was in the reasons God was punishing him (2:5, 8). The people on the boat throw Jonah into the sea to stop it. [11] This contrast with the sailors was most important to Jonah; therefore, the narrator placed only these words in his direct quotation. To paraphrase God’s response: You, Jonah, wanted to die for the highest of ideals. [11] Ben-Menahem, Da’at Mikra: Jonah, pp. She replied, Misfortune pursues sinners (Prov. Plus, Jonah comes with a ready-made nursery-decorating … Jonah thought he knew better than God. [10] See, e.g., Gen. 39:14, 17; 40:15; 41:12; 43:32; Exod. A revitalised Assyria after 745 would not seem to fit the crisis situation portrayed in the book. Thus, God’s prophecy at the outset of the narrative challenged Jonah’s very conception of God. Even Ibn Ezra, Abarbanel, and Malbim, who assert that Jonah must have agreed to go to Nineveh, grant that Jonah was unhappy about this concession. EXPLORE . 3-4, Ben-Menahem adds that chapter 1 is arranged chiastically and Jonah’s proclamation in v. 9 lies at the center of that structure, further highlighting its centrality to the chapter. Jonah did not care about the outstandingly ethical behavior of the sailors nor the impressively penitent Ninevites. Again Jonah questioned God because Jonah was angry that Israel's enemies had been spared. March 1938. In this lesson, high school students learn to evaluate political cartoons for their meaning, message, and persuasiveness. 6-7. Nowhere is there evidence of Jonah’s being upset about his or Israel’s reputation. To support their reading, they cite a passage from the Jerusalem Talmud: It was asked of wisdom: what is the punishment for a sinner? Supporters are featured on our online Scroll of Honor. Adopting a middle position, Sforno suggests that Jonah repented, but the prayer included in the book is a psalm of gratitude after Jonah already was saved. 18:4, 20). A midrash places one final line in Jonah’s mouth: “Conduct Your world according to the attribute of mercy!”. The Book of Jonah, usually called Jonah, is a book of the Old Testament of the Bible. Jellinek, p. 102, quoted in Simon, JPS Bible Commentary: Jonah, introduction p. 12. Although the Ninevites had misguided beliefs, God had compassion on them without expecting that they become monotheists. The story ends with God expressing concern even about the wicked. He may turn back from His wrath, so that we do not perish” (3:8-9). Ben-Menahem further suggests that the text does not report Jonah’s response to the captain so that his dramatic proclamation in 1:9 could appear as his first words recorded in the book. Adopting a middle position, Sforno suggests that Jonah repented, but the prayer included in the book is a psalm of gratitude after Jonah already was saved. The Book of Jonah appears to have a self-contained message that transcends its historical context.[4]. Although it had seemed from chapter 3 that the Ninevites had saved themselves with their repentance, God suddenly offered a different reason. (Rashi on Jon. This article by Rabbi Hayyim Angel originally appeared in his book, Vision from the Prophets and Counsel from the Elders: A Survey of Nevi’im and Ketuvim (New York: OU Press, 2013), pp. Please support our IDEAS campaign and be our partners in creating a dynamic and compassionate Orthodoxy. One midrashic line suggests that unrepentant Israel would look bad by comparison were non-Israelites to repent. For I know that You are a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in kindness, renouncing punishment. They implored God for mercy. This realization tortured him to the point of death. What is the meaning of Jonah? Only after this episode did God send him on a more favorable prophetic mission to Israel (II Kings 14:23-27). Perhaps the god will be kind to us and we will not perish” (1:6)—while Jonah sounds like the inattentive audience a prophet typically must rebuke. For this reason, it is important for them to learn about the techniques used to convey political messages and attitudes. He went down to the seaport of Joppa and booked passage on a ship to Tarshish, heading directly away from Nineveh. It's not important whether it was a great fish or a whale that swallowed Jonah. Jonah’s stark silence at the end of the book reflects the gulf between God and himself. In an attempt to expose the fallacy of Jonah’s argument, God demonstrated Jonah’s willingness to die stemmed not only from idealistic motives, but also from physical discomfort: “O Lord! March 1938. (Jon. This displeased Jonah greatly, and he was grieved. Abarbanel and Malbim, however, do not think that Jonah would allude to the sailors. Jonah was callous to the lives of the Ninevites—he wanted to see them destroyed. Pronounce Jonah [ 2 syll. For I know that You are a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in kindness, renouncing punishment. The Bible tells us Jonah "ran away from the Lord.". Seeking another approach, the twentieth century scholars Yehoshua Bachrach. sun sermon vid 2/26/12. What are synonyms for Jonah? But I, in contrast, am not like this; I, with loud thanksgiving, will sacrifice to You. As in chapter 1, Jonah’s contrasting himself with pagans is the climactic theme of his prayer in chapter 2. [17] Midrash Jonah, ed. God is in control. He walked through Nineveh proclaiming that in forty days the city would be destroyed. 2:9-10). They speculate that the whale's stomach acid bleached Jonah's hair, skin, and clothing a ghostly white. While modern skeptics may find it impossible that a man could survive inside a great fish for three days, Jesus compared himself to Jonah, showing that this. Jonah, on the other hand, displays none of these lofty qualities. VeggieTales has a continuous back story that all of the cartoons are teleplays, performed by various vegetables and fruit that live together on the same kitchen countertop. March 24, 1938. jo-nah, jon-ah] The baby boy name Jonah is pronounced in English as JH OW-Nah †. Your human limitations are now fully exposed. Any girl that gets him is very lucky. “I worship the Lord, the God of Heaven, who made both sea and land.” The men were greatly terrified, and they asked him, “What have you done?” And when the men learned that he was fleeing from the service of the Lord – for so he told them . 59-70. (Jonah 2:9, NIV). Tags: Political Cartoons | Tennessee | Washington D.C. Morgan's Charges. A midrash places one final line in Jonah’s mouth: “Conduct Your world according to the attribute of mercy!”[17] This midrash pinpoints the humbling lesson Jonah should have learned from this remarkable episode, and that every reader must learn. (J.T. 7-9. In specific the book gives an account of Jonah's refusal of God's command for Jonah to travel to the the capital of Assyria, Nin,eveh and prophesy its destruction to the people. She replied, The person who sins, only he shall die (Ezek. Although they were pagans, the sailors were superior people. Some of these characters have "real names," and take on various roles in the teleplays, although in the earlier adventures they appeared as themselves, showing some of their real-life situations. Rashi, Kara, and R. Eliezer of Beaugency. But in the end, he learned a valuable lesson about the Lord's mercy and forgiveness, which extends beyond Jonah and Israel to all people who repent and believe. This is the forest, primeval--, April 24, 1929. The Talmud ascribes the composition of the Twelve Prophets to the Men of the Great Assembly (Bava Batra 15a).Rashi explains that the books were bound together in one scroll because each was so short that some might get … Sign up below for our newsletters and receive a pdf of Conversations, Issue 12: Reclaiming Orthodox Judaism, The Talmud ascribes the composition of the Twelve Prophets to the Men of the Great Assembly (. [12] One might argue further that God’s enjoining Jonah to return to Nineveh in 3:1-2 indicates that Jonah had indeed not repented. Although this approach is more comprehensive than the earlier interpretations, it remains incomplete. The decisions students make about social and political issues are often influenced by what they hear, see, and read in the news. Jonah, a stubborn fellow, did just the opposite of what he was told. In chapter 1, Jonah was indeed Abarbanel’s Ivri—a prophetic hero of true faith contrasting himself with pagans, and an avaryan—a sinner against God. [8] Regardless of its origins, however, Jonah’s prayer appears integral to the book, and likely contains one of the keys to unlocking the overall purposes of the narrative. [16] See further discussion in Bachrach, Yonah ben Amitai ve-Eliyahu, pp. Jack Zavada is a writer who covers the Bible, theology, and other Christianity topics. Jonah was unwilling to accept God’s mercy even to the most ethically perfected pagans because that manifestation of mercy was antithetical to Jonah’s desired conception of God. Up, call upon your god! The story of Jonah is about prophecy, the pinnacle of love of God, and the highest human spiritual achievement. In contrast, Malbim believes that Jonah rebelled even as he walked through the wicked city. . Remarkably, the captain sounds like a prophet when addressing Jonah— “How can you be sleeping so soundly! Jonah definition, a Minor Prophet who, for his impiety, was thrown overboard from his ship and swallowed by a large fish, remaining in its belly for three days before being cast up onto the shore unharmed. 1:15, 16, 19; 2:7, 11, 13; 3:18; 5:3; 7:16; 9:1, 13; 10:3. (J.T. The point of the story is that God can provide a supernatural means of rescue when his people are in trouble. Bearing an agreement signed by Adolf Hitler, he addressed the assembled crowd to ensure them that he had secured “peace for our time.” Ever since this statement has stood as the ultimate expression of the naivety of the policy of appeasement: the … [15] For fuller exploration of this and related disparities, see Hayyim Angel, “The Uncertainty Principle of Repentance in the Books of Jonah and Joel,” in Angel, Revealed Texts, Hidden Meanings: Finding the Religious Significance in Tanakh (Jersey City, NJ: Ktav-Sephardic Publication Foundation, 2009), pp. [2] Another proposes that Jonah was convinced that the Ninevites would repent and God would pardon them. Download this stock image: NEW DEAL CARTOON, 1938. In their reading of the book, the sailors are only tangential to their understanding of the story, which specifically concerns Nineveh as the Assyrian capital. Sailors traditionally use the name Jonah to personify someone who brings bad luck. It appears that this theme lies at the heart of the book, creating an insurmountable conflict between Jonah and God. Cf. 14:25 is a genuine predictive prophecy, this would place his ministry in the first half of the eighth century BC before the victories of Jeroboam II (786-746 BC). Jonah was a British comic strip series, published in the magazine The Beano, drawn by Ken Reid.It first appeared in issue 817, dated 15 March 1958. The caption is the first line of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Evangeline. Jonah concluded his prayer with two triumphant verses: They who cling to empty folly forsake their own welfare, but I, with loud thanksgiving, will sacrifice to You; what I have vowed I will perform. Students first develop critical questions about political cartoons. Jonah definition is - an Israelite prophet who according to the account in the book of Jonah resisted a divine call to preach repentance to the people of Nineveh, was swallowed and vomited by a great fish, and eventually carried out his mission. Stubbing His Toe. When Jonah stopped outside the city to rest, God provided a vine to shelter him from the hot sun. 8-9. Watch Queue Queue The book is primarily concerned with the prophet Jonah, whom the book is named for. She replied, Misfortune pursues sinners (Prov. Growing faint in the sun, Jonah complained again. Abarbanel does not find either answer persuasive. Rashi explains that the books were bound together in one scroll because each was so short that some might get lost if not combined into a scroll of greater size. Why should Jonah alone have fled from his mission? First, they tried rowing to shore, but the waves got even higher. (Jon. He replied, let him repent and gain atonement. Aside from downplaying the role of the sailors in chapter 1, Uriel Simon sidesteps Jonah’s prayer by contending that it was not an original part of the story. After waiting three days inside the fish, Jonah finally prayed to God. He doesn’t do what God wants him to do, sailing away in a different direction. Who knows but that God may turn and relent? He always says some random shit. Abarbanel and Malbim (on 4:1-2) suggest that Jonah was outraged that God spared the Ninevites after their repentance for social crimes, since they remained pagans. Critique of Technique. Moreover, Jonah’s statement that he was a Hebrew who worshipped the true God appears tangential to the terrified sailors’ concerns. The king of Nineveh even said what one might have expected Jonah to say: “Let everyone turn back from his evil ways and from the injustice of which he is guilty. “Commentary on Jonah” (Hebrew), HaMa’ayan 51:1 (Tishri 5771-2010), pp. 12-13. Therefore, he prioritized a plant over tens of thousands of people simply so he could have some shade. Jonah, on the other hand, displays none of these lofty qualities. FRANKLIN'S EXPERIMENT. Seeking another approach, the twentieth century scholars Yehoshua Bachrach,[5] Elyakim Ben-Menahem,[6] and Uriel Simon[7] cite Jonah’s protest from the end of the book: He prayed to the Lord, saying, “O Lord! Jonah spent the same amount of time—three days—inside the whale as. Jonah 2:1-10.JONAH'S PRAYER OF FAITH AND DELIVERANCE. Nineveh’s repentance might amaze the reader, but it did not impress Jonah. Jonah, the name of the Old Testament prophet who was swallowed by the whale, only to emerge unharmed three days later, is increasingly appreciated by parents looking for a biblical name less common than Jacob or Joshua, yet not too obscure. [13] Ibn Ezra counters that Jonah specifically stayed near Nineveh so that he would be ready to go with a second command. (Exod. It is unlikely that Jonah would have violated God’s commandment for the reasons given by these midrashim. The Ninevites, on the other hand, effected one of the greatest repentance movements in biblical history. Jonah states that God saved him because he turned to God, while he is fleeing God’s command. From this point of view, there is a fundamental struggle between God on the one hand and wisdom and prophecy on the other. SWEEPING CHANGES ARE EXPECTED AFTER MARCH . A whale swallows him. God therefore sent him on this initial mission to Nineveh. Perhaps the god will be kind to us and we will not perish” (1:6)—while Jonah sounds like the inattentive audience a prophet typically must rebuke. These scholars understand Jonah’s protest as a rejection of the very idea of repentance. I worship the true God in contrast to all pagans—illustrated by the sailors, and later by the Ninevites. Unlike their insincere (in Jonah’s opinion) vows, Jonah intended to keep his vow to serve God in the Temple. It was asked of God: what is the punishment for a sinner? R. Samson Raphael Hirsch suggests that during the entire episode, Jonah needed to learn important lessons in becoming a prophet. Even Ibn Ezra, Abarbanel, and Malbim, who assert that Jonah must have agreed to go to Nineveh, grant that Jonah was unhappy about this concession. They who cling to empty folly forsake their own welfare, but I, with loud thanksgiving, will sacrifice to You; what I have vowed I will perform. THE MEANING OF THE BOOK OF JONAH [1]. Together they span a period of some 250-300 years. The Book of Jonah is a larger-than-life story of every individual who seeks closeness with God. [5] Yehoshua Bachrach, Yonah ben Amitai ve-Eliyahu: le-Hora’at Sefer Yonah al pi ha-Mekorot (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: The Religious Department of the Youth and Pioneering Division of the Zionist Organization, 1967), p. 51. [4] See further discussion and critique of the aforementioned views in Uriel Simon, The JPS Bible Commentary: Jonah (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1999), introduction pp. "JONAH," 19381 . That is why I fled beforehand to Tarshish. Study Jonah 3 - 'Pyhä Raamattu (1933/1938)' translation alongside Exploring the Meaning of Jonah 3 and Word 中文 čeština Nederlands français ქართული ენა Deutsch italiano 日本語 한국어 português Pyccĸий Srpski, Српски Español svenska Tagalog [9] Finally, most prophets appear to have accepted the ideas of repentance and God’s mercy. [3] Pirkei D’Rabbi Eliezer 9, cited by R. Saadyah (Emunot ve-De’ot 3:5), Rashi, Kara, Radak, and R. Isaiah of Trani. View. Please, Lord, take my life, for I would rather die than live.” The Lord replied, “Are you that deeply grieved?” (4:1-4), And when the sun rose, God provided a sultry east wind; the sun beat down on Jonah’s head, and he became faint. Yonah (Hebrew) is an original form of Jonah. Though not a compelling peshat comment, Abarbanel’s insight is conceptually illuminating regarding the overall purpose of chapter 1. /n'Old Reliable!' After some time, the whale vomits him out, and Jonah does what God wants him to do. Remember that God wants you to be open and honest with him. All my cartoons are available to buy from my website: www.biblecartoons.co.uk. Reproduction of original drawing. We all remember it from our early Sunday School classes, almost a cartoon-like story with a lesson of … [6] Elyakim Ben-Menahem, Da’at Mikra: Jonah, in Twelve Prophets vol. 4:2)[14]. The story of Jonah is simple. For millennia, great interpreters have scoured the Book of Jonah’s forty-eight verses for their fundamental messages. You will never meet anyone else like him. Although it had seemed from chapter 3 that the Ninevites had saved themselves with their repentance, God suddenly offered a different reason[15]: Then the Lord said: “You cared about the plant, which you did not work for and which you did not grow, which appeared overnight and perished overnight. New users enjoy 60% OFF. This political cartoon was published in a black Chicago newspaper, the Chicago Defender, on January 27, 1934, during the first term of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency. God commanded the whale, and it vomited the reluctant prophet onto dry land. Although this approach is more comprehensive than the earlier interpretations, it remains incomplete. This time Jonah obeyed God. When Jonah finally does speak in the text, the narrator divides the prophet’s words between a direct quotation and narrative: “I am a Hebrew! . God had been willing to destroy the Ninevites for their immorality, but forgave them once they repented. Hebrew Meaning: The name Jonah is a Hebrew baby name. 3-11; reprinted in Angel, Through an Opaque Lens (New York: Sephardic Publication Foundation, 2006), pp. This video is unavailable. That is why I fled beforehand to Tarshish . They were superior people—the sailors all along, and the Ninevites after their repentance—but Jonah despised them because they were pagans. Some of the cartoons' artists sent courtesy copies of their work to Dr. Morgan. Alternatively, Ben-Menahem (, For further analysis of the interrelationship between Joel, Jonah, and Exodus 34, see Thomas B. Dozeman, “Inner Biblical Interpretation of Y-H-W-H’s Gracious and Compassionate Character,”. Some (for example, Ibn Ezra, Abarbanel and Malbim) conclude that Jonah must have repented, since God ordered the fish to spew Jonah out, and Jonah subsequently went to Nineveh. [10] In this vein, Elyakim Ben-Menahem notes that Jonah’s usage of Ivri in 1:9 is fitting, since he was contrasting himself with pagans. The Book of Jonah is a book of the Nevi'im ("Prophets") in the Hebrew Bible. His middle name is after his father. The name Jonah is a boy's name of Hebrew origin meaning "dove". Let There Be Light. He did not realize the value of human life given that all people are created in the image of God. Afterwards it ceases all broadcasting because of the outbreak of World War II . . [8] Simon, JPS Bible Commentary: Jonah, introduction pp. Makkot 2:6 [31d]). Rather than obey God’s directive, Jonah elected to martyr himself on behalf of his people. Morgan's Charges . Afraid of God, the sailors finally tossed Jonah into the sea, and the water immediately grew calm. Instead of drowning, Jonah was swallowed by a great fish, which God provided. Abarbanel (followed by Malbim) submits that Jonah feared the future destruction of Israel by Assyria, of which Nineveh was the capital (cf. There is a further challenge in being absolutely committed to God, while still respecting moral people who espouse different beliefs. [14] For further analysis of the interrelationship between Joel, Jonah, and Exodus 34, see Thomas B. Dozeman, “Inner Biblical Interpretation of Y-H-W-H’s Gracious and Compassionate Character,” JBL 108 (1989), pp. Jonah still was the Ivri he proclaimed himself to be in 1:9, sharply contrasting himself with the pagans he encountered, and thereby remaining distanced from the God he knew would have compassion on them. Some (for example, Ibn Ezra, Abarbanel and Malbim) conclude that Jonah must have repented, since God ordered the fish to spew Jonah out, and Jonah subsequently went to Nineveh. This time Jonah obeyed God. Ironically, then, Jonah’s profound fear and love of God are what caused him to flee initially, and to demand that God take his life. . 1 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Mossad HaRav Kook, 1973), introduction pp. There is a paradoxical recognition that the closer one comes to God, the more one becomes conscious of the chasm separating God’s wisdom from our own. Very lovable and sweet. However, the Book of Jonah portrays Nineveh as a typological Sodom-like city-state, not as the historical capital of Assyria. Jonah was not caught up in the details of this specific prophecy; rather, he was protesting the very existence of repentance, preferring instead that God mete out immediate punishment to sinners. .„By Hungerford . Perhaps Israel would be inspired to repent in light of Nineveh’s repentance. Jonah means peacemaker and he is truly a peacemaker even at 4 years old! God commands everything in his Creation, from the weather to a whale, to carry out his plan. See more. Of the twelve, Joel is the most difficult to date, and we will discuss him in the fourth chapter on the Twelve Prophets. To explain the bifurcation of Jonah’s statement, Abarbanel advances a midrashic-style comment: “The intent [of the word Ivri] is not only that he was from the Land of the Hebrews; rather, he was a sinner [avaryan] who was transgressing God’s commandment.” Abarbanel surmises that the sailors deduced from this wordplay on Ivri that Jonah was fleeing! Is very trustworthy just the opposite of what he was grieved impress Jonah obey the hand! Our partners in creating a dynamic and compassionate Orthodoxy Jonah substituted “ renouncing (. Complained again obviously believed Jonah 's message and repented, wearing sackcloth and covering themselves in ashes message! ; 7:16 ; 9:1, 13 ; 3:18 ; 5:3 ; 7:16 ;,. Commanded jonah', 1938 cartoon meaning whale as one final line in Jonah ’ s contrasting himself pagans. Cited by Rashi, Kara, Ibn Ezra, and R. 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